St. Basil's Cathedral Completed by a student of 10 A class Fedoraeva Anastasia

Basil's Cathedral, or the Cathedral of the Intercession of the Mother of God on the Moat, ? this is its canonical full name, ? was built on Red Square in 1555-1561. This cathedral is rightfully considered one of the main symbols not only of Moscow, but of all of Russia. And the point is not only that it was built in the very center of the capital and in memory of a very important event. St. Basil's Cathedral is also simply extraordinarily beautiful.

In the place where the cathedral now flaunts, in the 16th century there was a stone Trinity Church, “which is on the Moat”. There really was a defensive moat here, stretching along the entire wall of the Kremlin along Red Square. This ditch was filled up only in 1813. Now in its place is a Soviet necropolis and a mausoleum.

And in the 16th century, in 1552, Blessed Basil was buried near the stone Trinity Church, who died on August 2 (according to other sources, he died not in 1552, but in 1551). The Moscow “Holy Fool for Christ’s sake” Vasily was born in 1469 in the village of Elokhovo, from his youth he was endowed with the gift of clairvoyance; he predicted a terrible fire in Moscow in 1547, which destroyed almost the entire capital. Ivan the Terrible honored and even feared the Blessed One. After the death of St. Basil the Blessed, he was buried in the cemetery at the Trinity Church (probably by order of the king), with great honors. And soon the grandiose construction of the new Pokrovsky Cathedral began here, where the relics of Vasily were later transferred, on whose grave miraculous healings began to take place.

The construction of the new cathedral was preceded by a long building history. These were the years of the great Kazan campaign, to which colossal importance was attached: until now, all campaigns of Russian troops against Kazan ended in failure. Ivan the Terrible, who personally led the army in 1552, vowed to build a grandiose temple in Moscow on Red Square in the event of a successful end to the campaign in memory of this. While the war was going on, in honor of each major victory, a small wooden church was erected next to the Trinity Church in honor of the saint on whose day the victory was won. When the Russian army returned in triumph to Moscow, Ivan the Terrible decided to put one large, stone church on the site of the eight wooden churches built? for centuries.

There is a lot of controversy about the builder (or builders) of St. Basil's Cathedral. It was traditionally believed that Ivan the Terrible ordered the construction of the masters Barma and Postnik Yakovlev, but many researchers now agree that it was one person - Ivan Yakovlevich Barma, nicknamed Postnik. There is also a legend that after the construction, Grozny ordered the craftsmen to be blinded so that they could no longer build anything like this, but this is nothing more than a legend, since the documents indicate that after the construction of the Cathedral of the Intercession on the Moat, Master Postnik "according to Barma" ( i.e., nicknamed Barma) built the Kazan Kremlin.

A number of other documents have also been published where a person named Postnik Barma is mentioned. Researchers attribute to this master the construction of not only St. Basil's Cathedral and the Kazan Kremlin, but also the Assumption Cathedral and St. Nicholas Church in Sviyazhsk, the Cathedral of the Annunciation in the Moscow Kremlin, and even (according to some dubious sources) the Church of St. John the Baptist in Dyakovo.

St. Basil's Cathedral consists of nine churches on one foundation. Entering inside the temple, it is even difficult to understand its layout without making a circle or two around the entire building. The central throne of the temple is dedicated to the feast of the Intercession of the Mother of God. It was on this day that the wall of the Kazan fortress was destroyed by an explosion and the city was taken.

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The Cathedral of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat (colloquially called St. Basil's Cathedral) is an Orthodox church located on Red Square in Moscow. A well-known monument of Russian architecture. Until the 17th century, it was usually called Trinity, since the original wooden church was dedicated to the Holy Trinity. It was also known as "Jerusalem", which is associated both with the dedication of one of the chapels, and with the procession to it from the Assumption Cathedral on Palm Sunday with the "procession on a donkey" of the Patriarch.

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The order to build the Intercession Cathedral was given by Ivan the Terrible in honor of the victory over the Kazan Khanate and the storming of the impregnable Kazan fortress. This event took place on the feast of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos, in honor of which the temple was named. Construction began in 1555 and was completed six years later. There is no reliable information about the architects who built the cathedral. Most researchers are inclined to believe that this is the work of the Pskov master Barm Yakovlev, who had the nickname Postnik.

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Legend of the Cathedral. The chronicle calls the Russian architects Postnik and Barma the authors of St. Basil's Cathedral. There is a legend according to which Ivan the Terrible, having seen the cathedral built according to their project, was so delighted with its beauty that he ordered the architects to be blinded so that they could not build a temple anywhere else equal in beauty to the Pokrovsky Cathedral. Some modern historians offer a version according to which the architect of the temple was one person - Ivan Yakovlevich Barma, who was nicknamed Postnik because he kept a strict post. As for the legend about the blinding of Barma and Postnik, it can be partially refuted by the fact that the name of Postnik is later found in the annals in connection with the creation of other significant architectural structures.

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After the addition to the existing churches in 1588 of the Church of St. Basil the Blessed, the cathedral acquired its name. As conceived by the author, the ensemble of temples was a symbol of Heavenly Jerusalem. Instead of burnt church coverings at the end of the 16th century, figured domes, familiar to our eyes, appeared. In the 80s of the 17th century, porches decorated with tents were erected above the stairs leading to the temple, and the open gallery surrounding the cathedral acquired vaults. In painting the surface of the gallery, the masters used herbal motifs, and during the restoration work of the first half of the 19th century, a cast-iron fence was installed around the cathedral.

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From the first days of Soviet power, St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow has been under the protection of the state, although until 1923 it was in disrepair. After the creation of a historical and architectural museum in it, major construction work was done and the collection of funds was carried out. May 21, 1923 the first visitors stepped over its threshold. Since 1928 it has been a branch of the State Historical Museum. At the end of 1929, the bells were removed from the temple and it was forbidden to hold services. During the Great Patriotic War, the museum was closed, but after the end of the war and the next restoration measures, the museum reopened its doors to visitors. The beginning of the 90s of the XX century was marked by the resumption of church services in the temple. Since that time, the cathedral has been shared by the museum and the Russian Orthodox Church. The height of St. Basil's Cathedral is 65 meters. But, despite this modest figure, the beauty of the cathedral leaves no one indifferent. Due to the fact that its ensemble includes nine churches built on a common foundation, it is included in the list of the largest cathedrals in the world in terms of volume. The uniqueness of the temple lies in the fact that it does not have a clearly defined main entrance.

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The interior decoration of all the nine temples that make up the complex is not similar to one another and differs in the style of painting, colors and manner of its execution. Some of the walls are decorated with oil painting, and some have frescoes dating back to the sixteenth century. The main wealth of the cathedral is its unique iconostasis, which contains more than four hundred priceless icons dating back to the period of the 16th-19th centuries and belonging to the brush of Moscow and Novgorod masters.

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After the return of the temple to the bosom of the Orthodox Church, which took place on the feast of the Intercession, the museum began to renew the collection of bells. Today you can see nineteen exhibits representing masterpieces of foundry art. The "oldest" of them was cast five years before the capture of Kazan, and the youngest in 2016 turns twenty years old. With your own eyes you can see the armor and weapons with which the troops of Ivan the Terrible went to attack the Kazan Kremlin.

Cathedral of the Intercession of the Mother of God on the Moat, Basil the Blessed The work was done by Shkurenko Nadezhda

Slide 2: Cathedral of the Protection of the Virgin on the Moat,

also called St. Basil's Cathedral is an Orthodox church located on the Red Square of Kitay-gorod in Moscow. A well-known monument of Russian architecture. Included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in Russia.

Slide 3: The history of the temple

The cathedral was built in 1555 - 1561 by order of Ivan the Terrible to commemorate the victory over the Kazan Khanate - the age-old enemy of Rus'. Initially, a wooden church of the Holy Trinity stood on the site of the future temple, but in 1555 they began to build a stone cathedral, which still exists. Who was the chief architect remains a mystery. According to one version, the tsar invited the Pskov master Postnik Yakovlev, nicknamed Barma, according to another, the names Postnik and Barma belong to two different architects. According to the third version, St. Basil's Cathedral is a project of an Italian architect. There is a legend that the king ordered the eyes of the creator of the cathedral to be gouged out so that he could no longer repeat his masterpiece.

Slide 4: St. Basil's Cathedral - a temple to the glory of the miracle worker

The main church of the temple was consecrated in honor of the Feast of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos. However, the Church of the Intercession is called St. Basil's Cathedral and is associated with the name of the Moscow holy fool - the man of God. Vasily lived on the streets of Moscow and even in severe frost went half-naked, wore chains on his body - iron chains with crosses. Ivan the Terrible himself treated him with reverence. When Vasily fell seriously ill, the tsar visited him with his wife, Tsarina Anastasia. A number of miracles are attributed to the saint. While in Moscow, he put out the fire in Novgorod with three cups of wine. Basil denounced lies, and under external piety he could guess the actions of the devil. So, in front of the astonished pilgrims, he threw a stone at the image of the Mother of God, which was revered as miraculous. When the crowd began to beat Vasily, he shouted: “And you will scratch the primer!”. After removing the paint layer, people saw that a devil was drawn under the image of the Mother of God. Vasily died in 1552, and in 1588 a church was built over the burial place of the relics of the miracle worker. This extension gave the common name to the Church of the Intercession - St. Basil's Cathedral.

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Slide 6: Fires, which were frequent in wooden Moscow, greatly damaged the Intercession Cathedral

In the documents of the cathedral for 1737, the name of the architect Ivan Michurin is mentioned for the first time, under whose leadership work was carried out to restore the architecture and interiors of the cathedral after the so-called "Trinity" fire of 1737. The following complex repair work was carried out in the cathedral at the behest of Catherine II in 1784-1786. They were led by the architect Ivan Yakovlev. At the end of the XVI century. figured domes of the cathedral appeared (originally they were gold), and ornamental painting outside and inside (originally the cathedral itself was white

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The outer and inner galleries, platforms and parapets of the porches were painted with grass ornaments. These renovations were completed by 1683, and information about them is included in the inscriptions on the ceramic tiles that decorated the facade of the cathedral.

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St. Basil's Cathedral is crowned with 10 domes. 8 churches, located symmetrically around the main temple in the form of an eight-pointed star, symbolize church holidays that fall on the days of the decisive battles for Kazan. On their tops there are 8 onion domes. STRUCTURE OF THE TEMPLE. 1. Intercession of the Virgin (center), 2. St. Trinity (east), 3. Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem 4. Gregory of Armenia 5. Alexander of Svir 6. Varlaam of Khutyn 7. John the Merciful (formerly John, Paul and Alexander of Constantinople) 8. Nicholas the Wonderworker of Velikoretsky 9. Adrian and Natalia (formerly . Cyprian and Justina) 10. plus one dome over the bell tower. In the old days, St. Basil's Cathedral had 25 domes, denoting the Lord and 24 elders sitting at His throne.

Slide 9: Ground floor Basement

There are no basements in the Intercession Cathedral. Churches and galleries stand on a single base - a basement, consisting of several rooms. Strong brick walls of the basement (up to 3 m thick) are covered with vaults. The height of the premises is about 6.5 m. They got into the basement from the upper central church of the Intercession of the Mother of God along the intra-wall white stone staircase. Only the initiates knew about it. Later, this narrow passage was laid. However, during the restoration process of the 1930s. a secret staircase was discovered.

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Slide 10: In the basement are the icons of the Intercession Cathedral

The oldest of them is the icon of St. Basil the Blessed at the end of the 16th century, written especially for the Pokrovsky Cathedral. Also exhibited are two icons "Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos" and "Our Lady of the Sign" - written in the 1780s. The icon was located above the entrance to the chapel of St. Basil the Blessed.

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Slide 11: St. Basil's Church

Canopy over the tomb of the saint Over the burial of St. Basil the Blessed, a cancer was installed, decorated with a carved canopy. This is one of the revered Moscow shrines.

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slide 12: second floor

Along the perimeter of the cathedral around all the churches there is an external bypass gallery. It was originally open. Galleries and porches The floor of the gallery is made of herringbone bricks. Bricks from the 16th century have been preserved here. - darker and more resistant to abrasion than modern restoration bricks. In this area, the floor is lined with a special pattern in the "socket"

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Slide 13: Church of Alexander Svirsky

The dome depicts a "brick" spiral - a symbol of eternity.

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Slide 14: Church of Varlaam Khutynsky

The table iconostasis was reconstructed in the 1920s. and consists of icons of the 16th-18th centuries. The peculiarity of the architecture of the church - the irregular shape of the apse (altar ledge) - determined the shift of the Royal Doors to the right. This is one of the four small churches of the cathedral with a height of 15.2 m.

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Slide 15: Church of the Entry into Jerusalem

One of the four large churches is an octagonal two-tiered pillar covered with a vault. The temple is distinguished by its large size and the solemn nature of the decoration. The current iconostasis was transferred in 1770 from the dismantled Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin.

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Slide 16: Church of St. Gregory of Armenia

The northwestern church of the cathedral was consecrated in the name of St. Gregory, Enlightener of Greater Armenia (d. 335). He converted the king and the whole country to Christianity, was the bishop of Armenia. His memory is celebrated on September 30. In 1552, on this day, an important event of the campaign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible took place - the explosion of the Arskaya tower in Kazan. One of the four small churches of the cathedral (15m high). As in the 17th century, the walls are whitewashed, which emphasizes the severity and beauty of the architectural details.

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Slide 17: Church of Cyprian and Justina

The northern church of the cathedral has an unusual dedication for Russian churches in the name of the Christian martyrs Cyprian and Justina, who lived in the 4th century. Their memory is celebrated on October 2. On this day in 1552, the troops of Tsar Ivan IV stormed Kazan. This is one of the four large churches of the Intercession Cathedral. Its height is 20.9 m. The dome, which depicts Our Lady of the "Burning Bush"

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Presentation on the topic: St Basil's Church

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An old Moscow legend says that when a deacon proclaimed the gospel stanzas at a lunch service in a camp church near Kazan: “Let there be one flock and one shepherd,” a part of the enemy city’s fortress wall, under which a tunnel was made, flew up into the air, and Russian troops entered to Kazan. Then, apparently, Ivan the Terrible decided to build a temple in honor of the victory over Kazan. The city was taken in 1552, and in 1554 this great shrine was founded near the Frolovsky (Spassky) gates on the site of the wooden church of the Holy Trinity above the Kremlin moat. Since the conquest of Kazan took place on October 1, on the feast of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos, the new cathedral was named Pokrovsky in honor of this day. Popular rumor spread the rumor that Ivan the Terrible allegedly built this temple in honor of his father, Grand Duke Vasily III: “The people will remember me for a thousand years without churches, but I want my parent to be remembered.”

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Until now, it is not completely known who built the temple. According to legend, the architects were Russian architects Barma and Postnik, although some historians tend to believe that it was one person - Ivan Yakovlevich Barma, who was nicknamed Postnik because he kept a strict post. In part, the temple gained its popularity thanks to a legend known to any schoolchild. When the architect presented the model of the cathedral to Ivan the Terrible, he was delighted with the beauty of the building, he asked the master: could he build another, similar, or even more beautiful temple? “I can,” the architect replied. “You are lying!” - Ivan the Terrible cried out and ordered to blind him so that St. Basil's Cathedral would remain the only one in the Russian kingdom

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Initially, the Intercession Cathedral was somewhat different than we see it now. First they built a wooden model, and then “translated” it into stone. This feature was reflected in the architecture of the temple, which resembles northern wooden churches in the Karelian, Arkhangelsk, Vologda and Kostroma sides with tiered towers, tents and passages. Not a single dome in this cathedral repeats another. One of them is densely dotted with golden cones, they are like stars in the sky on a dark night; on the other, scarlet belts run in zigzags across a bright field; the third resembles a peeled orange with yellow and green segments. Each dome is decorated with cornices, kokoshniks, windows, niches. In general, the cathedral creates a feeling of festivity and elegance. Until the end of the 17th century, until the bell tower of Ivan the Great was built on the territory of the Kremlin, St. Basil's Cathedral was the tallest building in Moscow. The height of the cathedral is 60 meters. The aisles are connected to each other by a system of transitions

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According to legend, St. Basil the Blessed, the most revered holy fool in Rus', himself collected money from the floor for the future Intercession Church, brought it to Red Square and threw it over his right shoulder, and no one, even thieves, touched these coins. And before his death, in August 1552, he gave them to Ivan the Terrible, who soon ordered the construction of a church on this site. Vasily was born in 1469, in the suburban village of Yelokhovo, Moscow. His parents, peasants, sent him to be trained in shoemaking. A hardworking and God-fearing young man, narrates his life, Vasily was awarded the gift of insight, which was discovered by accident. A man came to the owner of Vasily to order boots and asked him to make boots that would last for several years. Vasily smiled at that. When the owner asked what this smile meant, Vasily replied that the person who ordered boots for several years would die tomorrow. So indeed it happened. Vasily, sixteen years old, left his master and skill and began the feat of foolishness, which he performed for 72 years, without shelter and clothing, subjecting himself to great hardships, burdening his body with chains, which still lie on his coffin. The Life of the Blessed describes how he taught the people moral life by word and example.

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Many legends, stories and miracles are associated with the name of St. Basil the Blessed. For example, once thieves, noticing that the saint was wearing a good fur coat, given to him by a boyar, decided to deceive him out of him. One of them pretended to be dead, while others asked Vasily for burial. Vasily covered the “dead” with his fur coat, but, seeing the deceit, said at the same time: “be you dead from now on for your craftiness; for it is written: let the wicked be consumed. The deceiver is indeed dead. It is said that in the summer of 1547 the Blessed One came to the Ascension Monastery on Ostrog (now Vozdvizhenka) and prayed for a long time with tears in front of the church. So he foreshadowed the terrible Moscow fire, which began the next day precisely from the Vozdvizhensky Monastery. Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible honored and feared the Blessed One, "like a seer of human hearts and thoughts." When, shortly before his death, Vasily fell into a serious illness, the tsar himself visited him with Tsarina Anastasia. Basil died on August 2, 1552.

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Since 1588, they began to talk about miracles taking place at the tomb of Blessed Basil; As a result, Patriarch Job determined to celebrate the memory of the miracle worker on the day of his death, August 2. Tsar Theodore Ioannovich ordered that a chapel in the name of St. Basil the Blessed be built in the Intercession Cathedral in the place where he was buried, and built a silver shrine for his relics. The memory of the Blessed in Moscow has been celebrated with great solemnity since ancient times: the patriarch himself served and the tsar was present at the service. The treasures of the Church of the Relics of St. Basil the Blessed are not the only value of the temple. Especially for him in the XVIII century. three unique facade icons were painted, which are still kept in the cathedral to this day: “The Sign with Saints in the Margins”, its replica and “Protection with the upcoming Basil and John the Blessed”.