Restoration and final liquidation of the Kyiv and Volyn appanage principalities - Knowledge Hypermarket. Liquidation of appanage principalities and introduction of new institutions of power Final liquidation of appanage Russian principalities

At the beginning of the 15th century. the appanage princes no longer had independent relations with the Horde. This right belonged to one Grand Duke and allowed him to use foreign policy as a means of strengthening his power.

At the turn of the XIV-XV centuries. The strengthened grand-ducal power began to eliminate the appanage principalities. In Tver, Ryazan, Moscow, each Grand Duke sought to subordinate the appanage princes, his relatives, to his power and transfer them to the position of “service princes,” i.e. make them your vassals. The Moscow appanage system was liquidated by the middle of the 15th century. after the bloody twenty years of unrest, which ended with the victory of Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich the Dark, father of Ivan III. The successful liquidation of local principalities also took place in the Ryazan and Tver great principalities.

At the beginning of the 15th century. great changes occurred in the position of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir. Before his death, Dmitry Donskoy blessed his eldest son with the great reign of Vladimir, without asking the consent of the Horde khan. From that time on, this title began to be hereditarily transmitted in the line of Moscow princes, and the territory of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir merged with the main Moscow territory. Thus. The Principality of Moscow turned into the Grand Principality of Moscow-Vladimir, and the Grand Duke of Vladimir, the former head of the feudal union of Russian princes, began to turn into the sovereign of the united Russian lands.

The Russian centralized state with a single supreme power, with laws common to the entire country, and with a professional state apparatus took shape in the 16th century. The highest legislative and administrative body in the XVI-XVII centuries. there was a Boyar Duma, which, without having separate competence from the sovereign, regularly discussed with him issues of national importance (projects of state reforms and new laws, issues of foreign relations), considered cases of land grants and official appointments, the activities of various “officials”, crimes in office and criminal offenses, etc.

Thus, the sphere of activity of the Boyar Duma was issues of domestic and foreign policy of the state in all their diversity. To resolve various matters, in a number of cases, special commissions were created from “Duma people”, in particular, to conduct negotiations with foreign ambassadors. The decisions of such Duma commissions were usually equated with the decisions of the Boyar Duma. The decisions of the Duma were made on behalf of the tsar: the tsar “indicated, and the boyars sentenced,” the tsar “sentenced with all the boyars.” In the 16th century The Boyar Duma, most likely, already had an office and an archive, as well as its own official apparatus - Duma clerks.

Only those representatives of the landowning nobility who “complained” to the sovereign to the court ranks, or “Duma ranks,” could enjoy the right to participate in the Boyar Duma. The highest rank was the title of “boyar” (in this case, this term was deprived of social meaning). At the head of the Duma was the “horse boyar”. Boyar ranks were granted to representatives of the most noble, mainly princely families. The second Duma rank was the title of “okolnichy”. The rank of boyar and okolnichy in the 16th century. passed on in the same families. Under the son of Ivan III, Vasily III, the composition of the Boyar Duma was expanded at the expense of serving noble families. They began to be called “children of the boyars who live in the Duma.” In the second half of the 16th century. this expression was replaced by the term “Duma nobleman”. The Duma nobles became the third Duma rank, giving the right to participate in meetings of the Boyar Duma.

At the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century. Most of the members of the Boyar Duma belonged to princely families; it could not have been otherwise in the system of the united Russian state. The sovereign himself appointed boyars to the Duma. In the 16th century he still could not break the old clan principle, according to which the rank of boyar or okolnichy was passed on in the same families.

The limited composition of the Boyar Duma did not allow the first monarchs to openly involve their humble favorites in governing the state. They could only discuss matters with them privately, as they said then, “at the bedside.” So, in 1549-1560. under Ivan IV, there was an unofficial council consisting of the local nobleman of the tsar's "false" (palace rank - bed-keeper) Alexei Adashev, the priest of the Annunciation Cathedral, the confessor of Tsar Sylvester, Prince Andrei Kurbsky, Prince Kurlyatev and others. With the help of this "Chosen Council", as he later called This council of Kurbsky, the tsar carried out a number of important reforms (judicial, military, zemstvo), as a result of which in a short period the state structure of Russia underwent strong changes. The “Chosen Rada” also determined the offensive policy of the Russian state in the eastern and southern directions, where the Crimean, Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian khanates were located, posing a serious threat to the country’s security. The “Elected Rada” actually became the first government in Russia and temporarily pushed the Boyar Duma away from solving the most important state problems. Alexey Adashev became the informal head of the “Chosen Rada”.

At the same time, the activities of the “Elected Rada” in connection with the adoption of all-Russian legislation and the introduction of uniform principles of statehood objectively reduced the boundaries of arbitrariness and the unlimited power of the Tsar - Ivan the Terrible. Therefore, from the beginning of 1503, the influence of the “Elected Rada” was reduced, and later was completely lost; the vast majority of people associated with its activities will be subjected to severe repression.

For a long time, the idea of ​​the boyars as a permanent aristocratic opposition to the central government was widespread in scientific and popular literature. According to this concept, patrimonial boyars, who had military and political autonomy, fought against the tsar and nobles who supported centralization. This point of view is currently being revised. The boyars were neither economically nor politically interested in separatism, and the opposition of patrimonial boyars to noble landowners has no basis.

Zemsky Sobors

In the middle of the 16th century. Zemsky Sobors, the highest class representative institutions, began their activities. Zemstvo councils were occasionally convened by the tsar to discuss the most important issues of domestic and foreign policy and represented an advisory body. For the XVI-XVII centuries. There is information about 57 zemstvo cathedrals.

The composition of the zemstvo cathedrals was basically stable: it included the Boyar Duma, the Consecrated Cathedral, as well as representatives of the classes - the local service nobility and the posad (city) elite. With the development of new executive authorities - orders - their representatives were also part of the zemstvo councils.

Discussion of issues took place separately - among the boyars and okolnichi, the clergy, service people, and merchants. Each of these groups expressed its opinion on the issue under consideration.

The first zemstvo councils appeared at the beginning of the reign of Ivan the Terrible. In the late 40s - early 50s. XVI century Four extended meetings of the Boyar Duma took place in Moscow. The consecrated cathedral and the highest ranks of secular landowners. The reforms proposed by the “Elected Rada” and the new “Tsar’s Code of Laws” - a set of laws that replaced the “Code Code” of Ivan III of 1497 were discussed.

The Zemsky Sobor of 1566 was convened during the Livonian War and spoke in favor of its continuation. The Zemsky Sobor of 1598 met after the death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the son of the Terrible. He did not leave an heir, and in view of the suppression of the Rurik dynasty, at the suggestion of the patriarch, those gathered elected Boris Godunov to the kingdom.

Central government agencies

The main line of evolution of the administrative apparatus since the time of Ivan Kalita has been the emergence and development of a layer of professional officials - clerks. The first princely clerks-scribes were not much different from ordinary serfs. Their role increased somewhat when government documentation began to emerge under Dmitry Donskoy, although clerks then played only a technical role under the boyar managers. Over time, the Grand Duke began to rule with the help of written orders that passed through the clerks. A grand ducal chancellery appeared, which turned into the actual center of administrative power, where clerks already played an independent role. Their importance increased even more when functional documentation appeared in the form of ambassadorial, discharge and scribe books and the division of functions of the previously unified office began. Thus, the foundations of the order system were laid. In the 16th century clerks are already prominent political and public figures, most of them children of boyars who have received the rank of clerk. The process of merging the dyacry with the patrimonial-serving class began.

From the end of the 15th century. a unified system of central and local government institutions was gradually formed, performing administrative, military, diplomatic, judicial, financial and other functions. These institutions were called “orders”.

The emergence of orders was associated with the process of restructuring the grand ducal administration into a single centralized state system. This happened by giving the palace-patrimonial type bodies a number of important national functions.

The decisive role in this process was played by the turbulent events of the mid-16th century associated with the beginning of the reign of Ivan the Terrible. The struggle for power between boyar factions during the early childhood of Ivan IV disorganized the government apparatus. Late 40s was marked by a powerful explosion of popular movements directed against boyar oppression and the arbitrariness of governors. These popular movements presented the ruling circles with the need to act. One of the first measures was the creation of central governing bodies - orders. It was on the orders that Adashev’s government entrusted the implementation of major reforms.

The final formation of the order system took place in the second half of the 16th century. The main core of the Russian public administration system for more than two hundred years were three most important orders: Ambassadorial, Razryadny and Local.

After the Mongol invasion, economic recovery gradually began in the country, which urgently required strengthening trends towards unifying the lands into a single centralized state. Prerequisites for the centralization process in Rus' can be divided into four groups: 1) uh economic(increasing agricultural productivity, strengthening the commercial nature of crafts, increasing the number of cities, developing economic ties between individual lands); 2) social(the need of the feudal class for strong state power, the need of peasants for centralized power for protection from many feudal lords, intensification of social struggle); 3) political(the need to overthrow Mongol rule, the expediency of centralized protection of Russian lands from external enemies, the desire of the Orthodox Church for centralized power in order to strengthen itself); 4) spiritual(commonality of the Christian religion of the Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian peoples, commonality of culture, customs, traditions).

In the XIV century. in North-Eastern Rus' a number of large feudal centers emerged - Tver, Moscow, Gorodets, Starodub, Suzdal, etc. The struggle of their rulers for the great reign of Vladimir subjectively did not yet go beyond the framework of feudal strife, but objectively it became the beginning of the unification process, since in it a political center emerged that was to lead this process. The main rivals in this struggle were Tver and Moscow. Of all the diverse appanage rulers of Rus', only the Moscow princes slowly but purposefully gathered Russian lands under their rule. They began successfully collecting lands during the heyday of the Golden Horde and ended after its collapse. The rise of the Moscow Principality was facilitated by a number of factors. The advantages of its geographical location made Moscow, during the years of foreign rule, the center of the grain trade of Rus'. This provided its princes with an influx of funds, with which they bought labels for the great reign of Vladimir, expanded their own territories, attracted settlers, and gathered boyars under their control. The strong economic position of the Moscow princes allowed them to become leaders of the all-Russian struggle against the conquerors. The most important role was played by a personal factor - the political talent of the descendants of Alexander Nevsky.

In its formation, the Moscow Principality went through four stages. First stage(last third of the 13th – beginning of the 14th centuries) was marked by the actual birth of the principality and its first experiments in expanding the territory. Initially, the Moscow princes relied exclusively on Tatar support, and later on growing military strength and prestige. First of all, the population came and settled in Moscow in search of a quiet life. From the west it was covered by the Smolensk principality, from the north-west by Tver, from the east by Nizhny Novgorod, and from the southeast by Ryazan. In parallel with territorial expansion and economic growth, power was concentrated in the hands of the Moscow princes.

Second period(XIV century) was characterized by the struggle for primacy and Tver and was distinguished by the names of two outstanding political figures - Ivan I Danilovich (nicknamed Kalita) (1325–1340) and his grandson Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy (1363–1389). Ivan Kalita was able to achieve a stable championship in the fight against Tver. As a reward for suppressing the Tver anti-Horde rebellion, Ivan Kalita received from the khan a label for the great reign of Vladimir, which he and his sons held without interruption. Ivan Kalita also secured the right to collect tribute, which the Mongols entrusted to the Vladimir princes. This became one of the sources of enrichment for the Moscow Principality. By the end of the reign of Ivan I, it became the strongest, and Moscow from a small secondary city turned into an all-Russian political center. The Moscow-Tver internecine war of 1375, which ultimately ended in the victory of Dmitry, forced the Tver residents to finally recognize the Vladimir table as the “fatherland” of the Moscow princes. From that time on, Moscow began to represent all-Russian interests in relations with the Horde and Lithuania.

On third stage(late XIV - mid-XV centuries), under Vasily I Dmitrievich (1389–1425), the process of transforming the great Vladimir-Moscow principality into a single Russian state began. Gradually, the former appanage principalities turned into counties governed by grand-ducal governors. The leadership of the united armed forces of the Russian lands was concentrated in the hands of Vasily I. However, the centralization process has become significantly more complicated feudal war 1430–1450s The victory of Vasily II the Dark (1425–1462) over his political opponents - the Galician princes - became the triumph of a new political order with strong elements of centralization. Now the struggle was not for political primacy between several contenders, but for the possession of Moscow. During the feudal war, the Tver princes adhered to neutral positions and did not seek to use the situation within the Moscow principality to their advantage. By the end of the reign of Vasily II, the possessions of the Moscow state increased 30 times compared to the beginning of the 14th century.

Fourth stage(mid-15th – second quarter of the 16th centuries) became the final stage in the process of unification of Rus' and the formation of the state of Muscovy under the rule of Ivan III (1462–1505) and his son Vasily III (1505–1533). They, unlike their predecessors, no longer waged wars in order to increase the territory of their principality. Already by the 1480s. The independence of a number of the most important Russian principalities and feudal republics was liquidated. The unification of Rus' meant the formation of a single territory, the restructuring of the entire political system, and the establishment of a centralized monarchy. The process of eliminating the “specific orders” took a long time, stretching over the second half of the 14th century, but the 1480s became a turning point. This period was characterized by the reorganization of the administrative system, the development of feudal law (drafting Sudebnik ), improving the armed forces of the state, creating a new form of feudal ownership of land - local system, the formation of the ranks of the service nobility, the final liberation of Rus' from Horde rule.

The unification of Russian lands within a single state did not lead to the immediate disappearance of numerous remnants of feudal fragmentation. However, the needs of centralization dictated the need to transform outdated institutions. The strengthened power of the Moscow sovereigns turned into autocratic, but did not become unlimited. When passing laws or resolving issues important to the state, the political formula played a huge role: “the prince indicated, the boyars sentenced.” Through the Boyar Duma, the nobility managed affairs not only in the center, but also locally (the boyars received "feeding" largest cities and counties in the country).

Ivan III began to bear the pompous title of “Sovereign of All Rus'”, and in relations with other countries - “Tsar of All Rus'”. Under him, the Greek word “Russia”, the Byzantine name for Rus', came into wide use. From the end of the 15th century. the Byzantine coat of arms appeared on Russian state seals - double headed eagle in combination with the old Moscow coat of arms with the image of St. George the Victorious.

Under Ivan III, the state apparatus began to take shape, which later became the basis for the formation estate-representative monarchy (→ 3.1). Its highest level was the Boyar Duma - an advisory body under the prince, as well as two national departments that performed many functions at once - Coffers And Castle. The local government system remained largely outdated. The country was divided into counties, whose borders ran along the boundaries of former appanages, and therefore their territories were unequal in size. Counties were divided into camps and volosts. They were led by governors(counties) and Volosteli(countries, volosts), which received the right to collect court fees in their favor ( award) and part of taxes ( feeding income). Since feeding was not a reward for administrative service, but for former military service ( localism ), feeders often entrusted their duties to their slaves - tiuns.

Thus, the specifics of the political centralization of the Russian lands determined the features of the Moscow state: strong grand-ducal power, strict dependence of the ruling class on it, a high degree of exploitation of the peasantry, which over time was transformed into serfdom. Due to these features, the ideology of Russian monarchism gradually emerged, the main tenets of which were the idea of ​​Moscow as the third Rome, as well as the idea of ​​the absolute unity of the autocracy and the Orthodox Church.

(Territory of modern Russia, Belarus, Ukraine)

Kievan Rus and Old Russian principalities

The ancient Russian state of Kievan Rus arose on the territory of settlement of East Slavic tribes at the beginning of the 10th century. Initially, the Eastern Slavs had two large state-forming centers: the northern one in Novgorod, and the southern one in Kyiv. At the end of the 9th or at the very beginning of the 10th century, a ruling dynasty of Scandinavian origin established itself in Novgorod, which received the name Rurikovich, after its founder Rurik.

Chronicle information about the calling of Rurik and the Varangians to Novgorod is legendary. But it must be taken into account that at least two hundred years passed from the event itself to the time when the chronicle was compiled. The chronicler was guided by oral traditions; perhaps there was a certain political order. In any case, the early chronology is clearly deliberately distorted. The reigns of princes Oleg and Igor were greatly increased and extended. The date of death of Rurik is considered to be 879. In fact, if there was a real Prince Rurik, he died shortly before 920 or a little later. Oleg captured Kyiv at least in the 920s, and maybe even in the early 930s. He did not eliminate Rurik’s son, Igor, perhaps because Oleg himself probably did not have any sons. But he made his daughter Olga his wife Igor. Igor began his reign sometime around 940. But even after his reign, Oleg retained his high position. He died during a campaign against the Caspian in the winter of 943-944 (there are mentions of this among eastern historians, but we generally believe that either they are mistaken with the name, or some other prince died there

Oleg). In the chronicle, Oleg’s death is depicted as a fairy tale. Igor died soon after this - in the winter of 945. He was probably not even thirty years old at the time. Subsequent dates in the history of Kievan Rus given in the chronicles are quite real.

In Kyiv already in the 9th century, and maybe a little earlier, there was an early Slavic state formation. The names of two of its rulers are known: Dir and Askold. It is unlikely that they were, as the chronicles claim, Varangians and hardly ruled at the same time. Probably Dir lived before Askold.

Below is the official chronology of the Rurik dynasty.

Rurik (Ladoga and Novgorod) 862-879

Askold and Dir (Kyiv, not Rurikovich) ca. 862-882

Oleg (regent) 879-912

Grand Duchy of Kiev

(later simply the Principality of Kiev)

The Kiev table was considered the eldest, the main one in Rus'. There was a constant struggle for him between various branches of the expanding house of Rurikovich. Therefore, in Kyiv, rarely any of the princes could hold out for long enough; they were quickly expelled by rivals from competing princely houses. Therefore, Kyiv did not have its own princely dynasty.

In the second half of the 12th century, with the strengthening of the power of other princely centers, the attractiveness of the Kyiv table, as the eldest, was gradually lost. Kyiv is losing its capital status, having turned into the center of one of the appanage principalities, and far from the most powerful.

Igor Rurikovich 912-945

Olga (ruler) 945-957

Svyatoslav I Igorevich 945-972

Yaropolk I Svyatoslavich 972-980

Vladimir I Svyatoslavich Saint 980-1015

Svyatopolk I Yaropolkovich the Accursed 1015-1016

Yaroslav I Vladimirovich the Wise 1016-1018

Svyatopolk I (secondary) 1018-1019

Yaroslav I (secondary) 1019-1054

Izyaslav I Yaroslavich 1054-1067

Vseslav Bryachislavich Polotsk 1068-1069

Izyaslav I (secondary) 1069- 1073

Svyatoslav II Yaroslavich 1073-1076

Vsevolod I Yaroslavich 1077

Izyaslav I (for the third time) 1077-1078

Vsevolod I (secondary) 1078-1093

Svyatopolk II Izyaslavich 1093-1113

Vladimir II Vsevolodovich Monomakh 1113-1125

Mstislav I Vladimirovich the Great 1125-1132

Yaropolk II Vladimirovich 1132-1139

Vseslav Vladimirovich 1139

Vsevolod II Olgovich 1139-1146

Igor Olgovich 1146

Izyaslav II Mstislavich 1146-1149

Yuri I Vladimirovich Dolgoruky 1149-1150

Izyaslav II (secondary) 1150

Yuri I (secondary) 1150

Izyaslav III (for the third time) 1150-1154

Vyacheslav Vladimirovich 1151-1154

Rostislav I Mstislavich 1154

Izyaslav III Davydovich 1154-1155

Yuri I (for the third time) 1155-1157

Izyaslav III (secondary) 1157-1159

Rostislav Mstislavich (secondary) 1159-1161

Izyaslav III (for the third time) 1161

Rostislav Mstislavich (for the third time) 1161 - 1167

Mstislav II Izyaslavich 1167-1169

Gleb Yurievich 1169

Mstislav II (secondary) 1169-1170

Gleb Yurievich (secondary) 1170-1171

Vladimir III Mstislavich 1171

Roman Rostislavich 1171

Svyatoslav II Vsevolodovich Yaroslav Izyaslavich (secondary)

Roman Rostislavich (secondary) 1175-1177

Svyatoslav II (secondary) 1177-1180

Rurik Rostislavich 1180-1182

Svyatoslav II (for the third time) 1182-1194

Rurik Rostislavich 1194-1202

Ingvar Yaroslavich 1202

Rurik Rostislavich (secondary) 1203-1205

Rostislav Rurikovich 1205

Rurik Rostislavich (for the third time) 1206, 1207

Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny 1206, 1207

Rurik Rostislavich (for the fourth time) 1207-1210

Vsevolod Chermny (secondary) 1210-1214

Ingvar Yaroslavich (secondary) 1214

Mstislav Romanovich Old 1214-1223

Vladimir Rurikovich 1224-1235

Yaroslav Vsevolodovich 1235

Mikhail Vsevolodovich Chernigovsky 1235-1236

Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich 1236-1238

Mikhail Vsevolodovich (secondary) 1238, 1239

Rostislav Mstislavich Smolensky 1239

Daniil Romanovich Galitsky 1239

Mikhail Vsevolodovich (for the third time) 1240-1246

Dmitro Eykovich (boyar),

viceroy of the Suzdal prince 1243-1247

Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky 1246-1263

Ivan-Vladimir Ivanovich first. Thursday XIV century

Stanislav?

Fedor (Ivanovich?) reference. in 1331, 1362

Vladimir Olgerdovich 1362-1395

Ivan-Skidrigailo Olgerdovich 1395-1397

Ivan Olgimundovich (Prince Golshansky),

Deputy of the Grand Duke of Lithuania 1397-?

In 1397, the Principality of Kiev was liquidated by the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas, but in 1440 it was restored again:

Olelko (Alexander) Vladimirovich 1440-1455

Semyon Olelkovich 1455-1470

Final liquidation of the principality.

Book materials used: Sychev N.V. Book of Dynasties. M., 2008. p. 106-131.

Read further:

Principality of Tmutarakan- book of the X-XII centuries. on the Taman Peninsula.

>>Restoration and final liquidation of the Kyiv and Volyn appanage principalities

The Russian princes did not accept defeat. They organized a conspiracy and killed Sigismund in 1440. Lithuanian magnates, led by the newly elected Grand Duke Casimir IV Jagiellovic (1440-1492), in order to restore internal peace in the state, were forced to make concessions to local princes and boyars. The Kiev and Volyn appanage principalities were restored to their rights and granted autonomy. Thus, the descendants of Vladimir Olgerdovich returned to the Principality of Kiev, from where Vitovt had once expelled them. Alexander (Olelko) Vladimirovich (1440-1470) became the Prince of Kyiv. Svidrigailo received the lifelong title of Grand Duke with an appanage in Volyn, where, surrounded by his loyal Ruthenian allies, he reigned in Lutsk until his death.

However, the concessions to the Orthodox princes and boyars of Volyn and Kiev region were temporary. Relying on the support of Polish feudal lords, the Lithuanian government already in the early 50s of the 15th century. set a course for the final elimination of the remnants of autonomy of the Ukrainian lands. In 1452, after the death of Svidrigail, the Volyn principality ceased to exist.

In 1471, after the death of Prince Semyon Olelkovich, the Principality of Kiev was also liquidated. The Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland Casimir IV appointed a noble Catholic Lithuanian as governor of Kyiv
Gashtold. The people of Kiev were outraged that the heart of Rus' would be ruled by a Catholic, and even from a non-princely family, so they refused to let him into the city. Gashtold captured Kyiv only with the help of troops. “There are no longer princes in Kyiv,” the chronicler noted, “and instead of princes there are nastasha governors.”

After the abolition of local autonomy, Volyn and the Kiev region were transformed into voivodeships, headed by governor-voivodes, dependent directly on the power of the Grand Duke. The autonomy of the Ukrainian principalities was completely eliminated.

Prince Olelko Vladimirovich

Historical sources
Outstanding Ukrainian historian Mikhail Grushevsky (1866-1934) about the Olelkovich princes
The most famous work of Academician M. Grushevsky is the ten-volume “History of Ukraine-Rus”, which describes events in Ukraine from ancient times until 1658. “...Cazimir did not allow the installation of a Grand Duke on his own, but left all management to the Lithuanian rulers. The Lithuanian lords were satisfied with such relations that they themselves ruled the land according to their own will. Having no power over themselves, they now no longer even thought of reckoning with the Ukrainian and Belarusian rulers, leaving them nothing. In Volyn, sometimes Ukrainians, sometimes Litvins were given as governors, and after Semyon Olelkovich of Kiev died, they did not want to give the Principality of Kyiv to his family. It was in vain that Semyon, before his death, reminded him of his faithful service to Casimir, sent him as a gift his bow and his horse, on which he rode to war, asking him to be kind to his family for this service. It was in vain that the people of Kiev asked that Semyonov’s younger brother Mikhail, who was then the Lithuanian governor in Novgorod, be given the prince. The Lithuanian princes decided at all costs not to give Kyiv to the Olelkovichs, but to turn it into an ordinary province, so they sent there a Litvinian governor, Martyn Gashtovt. Casimir fulfilled their will, gave the Semyonov family the principality of Slutsk in Belarus, and gave Kyiv to Gashtovta. The people of Kiev, having learned about this, sent to say that Gashtovt would not be accepted in any way, because he was not of a princely family, and he was also a Catholic. Twice they did not allow Gashtovt to visit them when he came to their voivodeship. They begged Casimir to give them a prince of the Orthodox faith, but if he didn’t want it, at least he would be a Catholic, but of a princely family. But the Lithuanian rulers did not retreat, and the people of Kiev eventually succumbed and accepted Gashtovt.

This event shocked everyone in Ukraine and White Rus'. They remembered with regret how Lithuania once gave tribute to the Kyiv princes with bast and brooms because of its poverty, because it had nothing worthwhile, but now it has to obey it in everything.”

1. What historical figures does M. Grushevsky remember?
2. What events are mentioned in the source?

1. What title did Vytautas receive in 1392?
2. When were the Kiev and Volyn appanage principalities restored?
3. Who was the last Kyiv prince in the 15th century?
4. Why were the people of Kiev outraged by the direction of the governor Gashtold to them?
5. Mark on the contour map the borders of the Lithuanian-Russian state during the time of Vytautas and the places where he built fortifications against external enemies.
6. Can the centralization policy of Prince Vitovt be called progressive, meeting the interests of the majority of the population? Discuss the answers in groups.
7. Describe Prince Svidrigail as a political and statesman.
8. How was the religious factor used in the struggle for power in Poland and the Principality of Lithuania?
9. Imagine that you are a journalist and you need to write an article on the topic: “The gradual elimination of the autonomy of the Ukrainian principalities in the XIV-XV centuries.” First of all, you should create an outline for the article. Do this in your notebooks.
10. Make a diagram in your notebook showing the appanage principalities ruled by the relatives of Prince Olgerd.

Svidersky Yu. Yu., Ladychenko T. V., Romanishin N. Yu. History of Ukraine: Textbook for 7th grade. - K.: Certificate, 2007. 272 ​​p.: ill.

Submitted by readers from the website

Section V. Ukrainian lands as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and other states (second half of the XIV - XV centuries)

§ 19. Ukrainian lands as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

After reading this paragraph, you will learn: how most of the Ukrainian lands became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; what policy did the Lithuanian princes and Poland pursue in relation to the Ukrainian lands; how appanage principalities were liquidated on Ukrainian lands and the resistance of local princes was suppressed.

1. In what year did the Galician-Volyn state cease to exist? 2. Who was the last prince of the Galician-Volyn state? 3. Which countries divided the Galician-Volyn lands among themselves?

Baptism of Mindaugas. Illustration of the 17th century.

1. Formation of the Lithuanian state and its policy towards Ukrainian lands.

While most of the Russian principalities fell under Mongol rule, the Lithuanian state arose on the northwestern borders of the former Rus'.

The beginning of the existence of the state was laid by Prince Ringold, who in the first quarter of the 13th century. united several Lithuanian tribes under his rule. Ringold's son Mindovg continued his father's policy of expanding his possessions. It is with his reign that the creation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is associated. Mindovg made the city of Novogrudok (Novgorodok) the capital of his possessions.

By the middle of the 13th century. Mindovg subjugated the lands of Black Rus' and part of White Rus', and also forced the Polotsk, Vitebsk and Minsk princes to recognize their power. In 1242 and 1249

Mindovg defeated the Mongols, which significantly strengthened his authority. An important event was the baptism of the prince in 1246 according to the Orthodox rite. Mindovg was prompted to take this step by the fact that the basis of the economic and military power of the principality was the former Russian principalities (Belarusian lands).

The name "Lithuania", according to some scientists, comes from the Slavic word "to pour". Initially, the word “Lithuania” could mean the confluence of three rivers. Modern Lithuanian scientists associate the name of their country with the Mezhait (Mezhait is one of the Lithuanian tribes) word “Lietuva”, which means “freedom”, “free land”.

Ukrainian lands in the second half of the 14th century.

Prince Gediminas

Coat of arms of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Prince Olgerd

In 1248-1249 Mindovg united all the lands of Lithuania under his rule. His active policy caused resistance from Danil Galitsky. A long war broke out between the two rulers. However, over time, they established allied relations, sealing them with the dynastic marriage of their children. Subsequently, as you already know, the son of Danil Shvarno became a Lithuanian prince. The two states turned into a kind of shield for Europe from Mongol raids.

After the death of Švarn, the Lithuanian dynasty returned to power in Lithuania.

The territories of Lithuania increased especially rapidly during the reign of Prince Gediminas (1316-1341), who completed the annexation of Belarusian lands begun by Mindaugas, and also captured part of the Northern Ukrainian ones. Gediminas founded the new capital of the principality, the city of Vilna. Further advance of Lithuania to the south was restrained by the Galician-Volyn state. Only after his death did Lithuania begin to quickly annex Ukrainian lands to its possessions. The first significant acquisition of Lithuania was Volyn, where Gediminas' son Lubart began to reign.

The expansion of Lithuanian possessions to the south continued during the reign of Grand Duke Olgerd (1345-1377), son of Gediminas. At the end of 1361 - beginning of 1362, he captured Kiev and nearby lands, then Chernigovo-Severshchina and most of the Pereyaslav region. In his campaigns, Olgerd was actively helped by the local nobility, who preferred Lithuanian domination to Mongolian domination. The successful advance of the Lithuanians to the Black Sea coast inevitably provoked resistance from the Mongol Temniks, who owned Podolia and the Black Sea steppes. The decisive battle took place in 1362 (according to other sources - in 1363) on the Blue Waters (now, according to most scientists, this is the Sinyukha River, which flows into the Southern Bug). Having won, Olgerd finally ousted the Horde from Podolia.

Trakai Castle is the residence of Lithuanian princes. Modern look

As a result of the campaign, Olgerd was able to annex most of the Ukrainian lands to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - the Kiev region with Pereyaslav region, Podolia and Chernigovo-Severshchina.

The rapid transition of Ukrainian lands under the rule of Lithuania is explained by the fact that the Lithuanian princes maintained Orthodoxy, and the culture of Rus' had a great influence on them. The Lithuanians did not actually change the existing relations, did not violate the traditions that had developed in these lands. Faith, language, and legal proceedings were preserved. The Lithuanians acted on the principle: “We do not change the old and do not introduce the new.” In addition, the former Russian principalities did not have any real power that could resist the Lithuanian advance.

The annexation of the southern Russian lands to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania allowed Olgerd to lay claim to other lands of Rus'. On this path, his main opponent was the Moscow Principality. The conflict between the two states, which sought to unite the Russian lands under their rule, broke out in 1368 and continued until 1537.

2. The revival of appanage principalities on Ukrainian lands and their liquidation. After the inclusion of Ukrainian lands into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Olgerd restored the appanage structure. The principalities were headed by representatives of the Lithuanian dynasties of Gediminovich and Olgerdovich. The appanage principalities were in vassal dependence on the Grand Duke and were obliged to “serve faithfully,” pay annual tribute and, if necessary, provide their troops.

However, soon the power of the Grand Duke became burdensome for the appanage princes, and they began to show signs of independent life. These aspirations became especially noticeable after the death of Olgerd during the struggle for the Lithuanian grand-ducal throne.

At the same time, the issue of preserving the integrity of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania became relevant. Olgerd bequeathed the core of his possessions to his eldest son from his second wife, Jogaila. In addition, all Gediminovichs and Olgerdovichs also fell under his authority. However, the new Grand Duke unexpectedly faced opposition from his relatives. In addition, a threat loomed over Lithuania and Poland - the Teutonic Order. Under these conditions, in 1385, the Union of Krevo was concluded between the two countries, according to which Lithuania was to accept Catholicism and permanently annex its Lithuanian and Russian lands to Poland. Thus, having united with Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania lost its independence. In 1386, Grand Duke Jagiello was baptized according to the Catholic rite under the name Vladislav, married the Polish Queen Jadwiga and became the King of Poland, and at the same time the Grand Duke of Lithuania.

Having become king, Jagiello actively began to implement the terms of the union. The baptism of Lithuanians according to the Catholic rite began, and Lithuanian Catholics received privileges on an equal basis with the Polish elite. The appanage princes were sworn in to the new king. Their vassal dependence on Jogaila was manifested in the payment of annual tribute and the need to provide military assistance. In all other matters they enjoyed complete freedom. Thus, the Kiev prince Vladimir Olgerdovich even minted his own coin.

However, some Lithuanian princes, led by Vytautas, were dissatisfied with the Union of Krevo. They supported the preservation of Lithuania's independence. Jagiello in 1392 was forced to recognize Vytautas as the governor of Lithuania, and he actually became the Lithuanian prince. The Union of Krevo was abolished.

However, the Kiev prince Vladimir, the Novgorod-Seversk prince Dmitry-Koribut and the Podolian prince Fyodor Koriatovich refused to recognize the power of Vitovt. An armed struggle broke out, during which Vytautas began to liquidate the appanage principalities. By the end of the 90s. XIV century the largest appanage principalities were abolished, and the princes were replaced by the governors of Vytautas. These steps contributed to the centralization and strengthening of the independence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Union - unification, union. Here: the unification under certain conditions of two states under the leadership of one monarch.

Olgerd at the head of his army in the Battle of Blue Waters (1362). Modern drawing

Battle of the Vorskla River. Modern drawing

Vytautas's power was supported by the Ukrainian nobility, who opposed Catholicism and saw in him a ruler capable of resisting the encroachments of the Moscow principality and the attacks of the Mongols. However, Vytautas’s plans to transform the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into an independent powerful state were not destined to come true. In the summer of 1399, in the battle on the Vorskla River, he was defeated by the Mongols and was forced to seek ways of reconciliation with Jagiel.

On January 18, 1401, a union was concluded in Vilna, according to which the Grand Duchy of Lithuania recognized vassal dependence on Poland. After the death of Vytautas, all Ukrainian and Lithuanian lands were to come under the authority of the Polish king.

Having concluded the Union of Vilna, Vytautas with new zeal began to strengthen his principality. He achieved success in the war with the Moscow state, annexing part of its possessions. In Novgorod, Vitovt planted his supporters, and the Ryazan and Tver principalities recognized vassal dependence on the Lithuanian prince. Having thus strengthened his eastern borders, Vytautas, together with Poland, took an active part in the fight against the Teutonic Order, which ended in victory for the united Polish-Lithuanian-Ukrainian army in the Battle of Grunwald (1410).

Battle of Grunwald. Artist J. Matejko

After the victory over the Teutonic Order, which became a vassal of Poland, hopes for the independence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania again arose. The new balance of power was consolidated by the Union of Gorodel in 1413. According to the union, the independence of Lithuania was recognized even after the death of Vytautas, but under the authority of the Polish king. The union also confirmed the privileged position of Catholics: only they could occupy the highest positions in the state. This caused discontent on the part of the Orthodox nobility and led to internal conflict in Lithuania, which broke out shortly after the death of Vytautas.

In order to ensure independence for himself and his lands from Poland, Vytautas decided to be crowned. This issue was raised at a congress in Lutsk in 1429. Vytautas was supported by the Holy Roman Emperor and other European rulers. The coronation was scheduled for September 8, 1430. However, the crown was not delivered to Vilna on time: it was intercepted and destroyed by the Poles, who did not want to break the union. The coronation had to be postponed, and on October 27, 1430, Vytautas suddenly died. Some historians suggest that he was poisoned.

Prince Svidrigailo

Vytautas the Great at the congress in Lutsk (1429). Artist J. Makevicius

3. “Grand Duchy of Russia.” The Battle of Vilkomir and its consequences. After the death of Vytautas, the Belarusian, Ukrainian and part of the Lithuanian nobility, without the consent of the Polish king, elected Svidrigail Olgerdovich (1430-1432) as prince of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This threatened the continued existence of the Polish-Lithuanian union. Poland immediately started the war.

Dissatisfied with the actions of Svidrigail, who supported the Russian Orthodox nobility, which took a leading place at the princely court, the Lithuanians elected Vitovt's brother Sigismund Keistutovich to the grand-ducal throne. Sigismund restored the Union of Vilna in 1401, but was unable to extend his influence to the entire Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Beresteyshchyna, Podlasie, Polotsk, Vitebsk, Smolensk lands, Severshchina, Kiev region, Volyn and Eastern Podolia recognized Svidrigail as their ruler and united into the “Grand Duchy of Russia”.

Relying on the support of these lands, Svidrigailo launched a successful offensive against Sigismund. Concerned about this development of events, Sigismund and Jagiello made some changes to the union. In 1432 and 1434 acts were issued equalizing the rights of Catholic and Orthodox nobility. However, Orthodox Christians were subsequently prohibited from holding senior positions in the state. This step somewhat reduced the number of supporters of Svidrigail, who was already losing support as a result of his inconsistent and cruel actions.

The decisive battle in the struggle for the princely throne was the battle that took place on September 1, 1435 near Vilkomir (now the city of Ukmerge in Lithuania). Svidrigailo was completely defeated, and the idea of ​​​​creating an independent “Grand Duchy of Russia” was never realized. By the end of 1438, Sigismund captured the entire territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Sigismund owed his victory to Poland, but soon he became burdened by its dominance, and he began a policy aimed at strengthening the independence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In his actions, Sigismund relied on small landowners and knights, and not on appanage princes, whose power he limited. The Ukrainian and Belarusian princes did not accept this situation. They organized a conspiracy and killed Sigismund. The Lithuanian nobility elected Jogaila's youngest son Casimir as the new Grand Duke, but real power was concentrated in the hands of the Lithuanian nobility led by Jan Gastold. In response to these events, an uprising broke out in the Ukrainian lands, and the Lithuanians were forced to make concessions to the Orthodox nobility.

The proclamation of Casimir as Grand Duke, and not the ruling Polish king Wladyslaw III, meant the actual rupture of the Polish-Lithuanian union. Although Casimir became the Polish king in 1447 after the death of Władysław III, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania retained its independence.

4. Kiev and Volyn appanage principalities. To prevent new uprisings by Ukrainian appanage princes, after the proclamation of Casimir as Grand Duke, the Kiev and Volyn appanage principalities were restored. The Volyn principality was given to Svidrigail, who ruled it until the end of his life (until 1452), after which it was liquidated.

In the Kiev appanage principality, the rule of the Olgerdovich dynasty was restored. The son of Vladimir Olgerdovich, Alexander (Olelko) Vladimirovich (1441-1454), became the prince.

Olelko and his son Semyon (1455-1470) tried to restore the power of the Kyiv state. In addition to strengthening power, the Olelkovichs sought to expand their possessions. Thus, the Kiev region, Pereyaslav region, Bratslav region (Eastern Podolia), and part of the Chernihiv region came under their rule. The Olelkovichs contributed to the development of the steppe expanses (Wild Field) to the south of their possessions, waging a desperate struggle against the Tatars.

The Kyiv princes not only dealt with the problems of their own possessions, but also laid claim to the grand-ducal throne.

In 1458, Semyon Olelkovich achieved the creation of an independent Kyiv Orthodox Metropolis. This event finally divided the Ukrainian and Moscow Orthodox churches.

The growth of the power of the Principality of Kyiv and its almost independent existence worried the Grand Duke of Lithuania. After the death of Semyon Olelkovich in 1471, he liquidated the principality. Semyon's brother Mikhail Olelkovich was not allowed into Kyiv, and Martin Gashtold became his governor.

Polish medieval chronicler Jan Dlugosz about the reasons for the liquidation of the Kyiv principality

The Lithuanian lords really wanted this principality [of Kiev] to be again turned into an ordinary province of the grand duchy, like other Russian principalities, and demanded that the king appoint Martin Gashtold as governor here.

On the liquidation of the Kyiv principality by the Lithuanian authorities (from the “Appendix to the Ipatiev Chronicle”)

Year 1471. Semyon Olelkovich, Prince of Kiev, rested. After his death, Casimir, King of Poland, wanting the Principality of Kiev to cease to exist, did not plant Semyonov’s son Martin there, but installed a governor from Lithuania, Martin Gashtold, a Pole, whom the people of Kiev did not want to accept not only because he was not a prince, but more because he was a Lyakh; however, being forced, they agreed. And from that time on, there were no longer princes in Kyiv, and instead of princes there were governors.

1. What reasons does Jan Dlugosz name for the liquidation of the Kyiv appanage principality? 2. How does the chronicle explain the non-acceptance of the Lithuanian governor by the people of Kiev? 3. Was the liquidation of appanage principalities a natural phenomenon?

Martin Gashtold had to forcefully assert his power in Kyiv, whose residents did not want to see him as their governor.

Thus, by the beginning of the 70s. XV century The appanage system was finally eliminated on Ukrainian lands and voivodes began to govern the lands.

5. Speeches of the Russian Orthodox nobility at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries. With the liquidation of the Volyn and Kyiv appanage principalities, the Lithuanian nobility strengthened its position and could no longer take into account the interests of the Russian Orthodox nobility. However, representatives of the Russian Orthodox nobility tried to restore its former influence and position. One of the manifestations of this was the conspiracy of 1481,

when the younger descendants of the Olelkovichs, deprived of their inheritance, tried to separate their former possessions from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and annex them to the Moscow Principality. However, the plot was discovered and the conspirators were executed.

After the death of the Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland Casimir IV Jagiellonczyk in 1492, his son Alexander (1492-1506) became the heir. The new Grand Duke continued policies aimed at strengthening the power of Catholics. The Lithuanian Catholic nobility advocated the independence of Lithuania and against the union with Poland, seeing their rivals in the Polish nobility. The Muscovite state immediately took advantage of the tense relations between Lithuania and Poland and, having entered into an alliance with the Crimean Khanate, launched an offensive against Lithuania. The Moscow state finally subjugated Tver and Novgorod, which gravitated towards Lithuania, and captured almost the entire Chernigovo-Severshchina. The Verkhovsky princes, descendants of the Rurikovichs, went into the service of the Moscow prince. At the same time, devastating raids by the Crimean Tatars began on Ukrainian lands.

Ukrainian lands in the 15th - early 16th centuries.

The last uprising of the weakened Russian Orthodox nobility was the uprising of 1508 under the leadership of Prince Mikhail Glinsky, which engulfed the Turov and Kyiv lands. However, the rest of the princes did not support the rebellion, and M. Glinsky fled to Moscow. Prince Konstantin Ivanovich Ostrozhsky played a decisive role in suppressing Glinsky’s speech.

Coat of arms of the princes Glinsky

In his youth, Mikhail Glinsky, having converted to Catholicism, went abroad, where he studied at the courts of European monarchs. He received a good education, mastered the art of war perfectly, and upon returning to his homeland he became the most influential person at the court of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander. As the prince's influence grew, his land holdings increased. However, after the death of Alexander, under the new Grand Duke Sigismund, he fell out of favor and lost all his privileges. His lands became the object of encroachment by other princes. Realizing the precariousness of his position, Glinsky decided to rebel.

6. Polish domination of Ukrainian lands at the end of the 14th - 15th centuries.

With the annexation of Galicia, Polish expansion into Ukrainian lands did not stop. The next target of encroachment was Podolia.

After the Lithuanians reconquered the Podolian land from the Tatars, the Podolian principality was formed, headed by the princes Koriatovich. During the reign of Fyodor Koriatovich, the principality achieved almost complete independence. As already mentioned, in 1392 Fedor refused to recognize the power of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas, however, unable to defend his possessions in the fight against him, he fled to Hungary. The Principality of Podolsk was liquidated, but Vytautas had to immediately defend these lands from the Poles.

The Poles could not allow Vytautas to gain power. Polish troops broke into Podolia, but were unable to immediately take possession of it. Only after a desperate struggle, Vitovt was forced to cede the western part of the region (west of the Murafa River) with the cities of Kamenets, Smotrych, Bokota, Skala and Chervonograd. However, already in 1395 Western Podolia was returned to the Lithuanians.

The struggle for these lands did not end there. Taking advantage of the civil strife in Lithuania, in 1430 the Polish army again invaded Podolia. This time the Poles met powerful resistance from the local population, led by princes Fedko Nesvizhsky and Alexander Nos. The Poles were defeated, but it was then that a conflict broke out between the Grand Duke of Lithuania Svidrigail and Fedko, as a result of which the latter went over to the side of Poland and helped the Poles capture Western Podolia.

To gain a foothold in the annexed Ukrainian lands, the Poles in 1434 created the Russian Voivodeship in Galicia, and the Podolia Voivodeship in Western Podolia.

In the occupied Ukrainian lands, Poland's policy was radically different from Lithuania's. The Poles did not even try to find a common language with the local nobility, but immediately introduced the Polish system of government, transferring it exclusively into the hands of the Poles. In addition, Polish landowners received estates, and German, Jewish and Armenian settlers were invited to the cities and were granted all sorts of privileges. This policy led to the loss of the Ukrainian character of the cities; Ukrainians were forced out of the spheres of crafts and trade.

In Lvov, Ukrainian Orthodox townspeople have become the most disenfranchised group of the city's population. They were forbidden to engage in trade; they could live in the city only in a certain quarter - on Russian Street. All business documents in the city were kept exclusively in Latin or Polish.

Also, the Polish legal system, which was class-based, was introduced on Ukrainian lands. That is, each class had its own judicial body. The gentry were subject to the zemstvo court, the burghers were subject to the magistrate, and everyone else was subject to the starostin court.

The establishment of Polish rule was accompanied by the spread of the influence of the Catholic Church to the east. These lands created their own church organization: bishoprics were founded in Vladimir, Galich, Przemysl, Kamenets, Kholm, and in 1412 an archbishopric was founded in Lviv. At the same time, the authorities prohibited the construction of new Orthodox churches, and closed the old ones under various pretexts. Orthodox priests paid the tax, while Catholic priests were exempt from it. Orthodox Christians were also prohibited from performing rituals, holding holidays, and holding government positions.

Thus, the establishment of Polish rule was accompanied by the Polonization and Catholicization of the Ukrainian population. However, these trends became more pronounced much later.

Conclusions. In the XIV century. Most of the Ukrainian lands became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. At first, the policy of the Lithuanian princes was not burdensome for the local population, since they did not violate traditions and did not introduce anything new.

The Lithuanian princes contributed to the liberation of Ukrainian lands from the Mongols. The Battle of Blue Waters (1362) effectively ended Mongol rule. This gives scientists reason to talk about the Lithuanian-Russian state.

With the expansion of the borders of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, conflicts arose with neighboring states, which also sought to own the lands of the former Rus'. In addition, the Catholic Church persistently tried to spread its influence to the east. At the end of the 14th century. There was a rapprochement between Lithuania and Poland, which led to the conclusion of the Krevo Union between them in 1385.

The rapprochement with Poland caused an internal conflict in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which escalated into open armed confrontation.

The Battle of Vilkomir in 1435 determined the further development of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the direction of rapprochement with Poland.

In 1452 and 1471 The Volyn and Kiev appanage principalities were liquidated, and the Russian Orthodox nobility finally lost their influence. All her attempts to restore the old order were unsuccessful.

Gradually, Polish rule was established in the Ukrainian lands, accompanied by the displacement of the Orthodox Church by the Catholic Church and the introduction of new orders.

Questions and tasks

1. As a result of what battle were the Ukrainian lands liberated from Mongol rule? 2. During the reign of which Lithuanian prince, most of the Ukrainian lands became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania? 3. Why at the end of the 14th century. Were the appanage principalities abolished on Ukrainian lands? 4. Between which states and when was the Union of Krevo concluded? 5. Which lands united to form the “Grand Duchy of Russia”? 6. Who won the Battle of Vilkomir on September 1, 1435?

7. What caused the speeches of the Orthodox nobility at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries. against Lithuania? 8. What were the consequences for Lithuania of the annexation of a significant part of the lands of former Rus'? 9. describe the domestic and foreign policies of the Lithuanian prince Vytautas. 10. Why did all the actions of the Orthodox nobility in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania fail? 11. Look at the reproduction of the painting by J. Matejka on p. 178 textbook. What moment of the battle does it represent: the beginning, the climax, the end? How did you determine this? What were the consequences of the battle?

12. Make a chronology of the key events of the stay of the Ukrainian lands as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. 13. Explain the principle of the Lithuanian elite, which it adhered to in the 14th century: “We do not change the old and do not introduce the new.” 14. Make a detailed plan for your answer on the topic “Ukrainian lands as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.”

15. Determine the role of the Lithuanian period in the history of Ukraine.