Great Britain at the end of the Victorian era. Great Britain at the end of the Victorian era Great Britain at the end of the Victorian era reasons for the protest movement

Slide 16

Protest movement:

In 1900, the Congress of Trend Juniors created the “Workers' Government Committee.” In 1903, the number of members of the “Committee...” was almost 500 thousand people. In 1906, the “Committee...” was renamed the Workers’ (Labor) Party.”

Slide 17

Protest movement.

The six-week general strike of coal miners in 1912 was especially powerful. As a result, the government adopted a law on minimum wages for miners.

Great Britain. End of the Victorian era

Teacher – Dorofeeva G.V.

LESSON OBJECTIVES:

Students will be able to learn the features of the political, socio-economic, and foreign policy development of Great Britain in the second half of the 19th century;

They will be able to select the information they need, systematize it, and draw conclusions;

They will be able to analyze statistical data and compare the material being studied;

They will think about the role of the state and political parties in the development of the country, about what methods of resolving social contradictions are the most effective.

Lesson equipment: textbook “General History. History of modern times. 8th grade", presentation, technological lesson map for students.

During the classes.

1. Organizational moment.

Let's greet each other, our guests. Today's lesson we will completely devote to studying a new topic, and you will find out which one later. The lesson will also be unusual in that it will be attended by a group of historians who will help us expand our knowledge of history.

First, let's read the poem.

2. Working with the text of a poem.

Read the poem expressively.

The most recent empire

And the most extensive praise!

For your profit and mine,

For our loan banks,

I drink to your merchant fleet!

God save the Queen!

R. Kipling

Tell me, what state is this poem talking about?

What lines helped you determine that it was talking about Great Britain?

3. Study a new topic

Today in the lesson we will continue to get acquainted with a country like Great Britain. The topic of the lesson is: “Great Britain: the end of the Victorian era.” Historians call the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries in the development of Great Britain “the end of the Victorian era.” Why do you think?

- We will work according to the following plan:

1. The “Workshop of the World” is becoming a thing of the past.

2. Two-party system.

3. The era of reforms.

4. “Trade follows the flag.”

5. Protest movements. The birth of the Labor Party.

6. Reforms in the name of “class peace.”

7. "Rebel Island" receives Home Rule.

Looking at the lesson plan, formulate your goals for the learning activity: what will you learn in the lesson, what questions will you find answers to?

Working with tables.

Now look at this data. What place did England occupy in world industrial production in 1870 and 1913?

What was the rate of development of UK manufacturing towards the end of the 19th century? How can one explain the slowdown in industrial production?

The section “The World Workshop is becoming a thing of the past” will help answer these questions.”

Independent work to find the reasons for the slowdown in industrial development in England (pp. 156-157)

Causes:

A) Increased export of capital, where raw materials and labor were cheaper

Message

English entrepreneurs built oil factories in Holland, steel mills in Belgium, Russia and other European countries, and invested in the construction of railways and sea routes. But the greatest benefit came from the export of capital to non-European countries, especially to the USA, South America and the colonies. The active export of capital, possible primarily due to the presence of huge colonial possessions, reduced capital investment in the English economy, which slowed down the rate of economic growth.

B) Outdated equipment was not updated

C) Declining competitiveness of British goods

D) High customs duties, and England adhered to duty-free trade

D) Development of monopoly capitalism

Message

In Great Britain, the process of concentration of banks and the formation of the world's richest giant banking monopolies began to occur at a rapid pace. The famous “Big Five” London banks and other banks controlled the entire financial world: by 1913, they had about 70% of the country’s total banking capital. At the head of the entire banking system was the Bank of England. There was practically not a single significant city on the world map that did not have a branch of some English bank (50 English banks in 1904 had 2,279 branches).

E) Cheap food from the colonies

The accumulated problems must be solved by those who have real power in the country, first of all, the body that is engaged in legislative activities, i.e. parliament.

Work in groups.

1. “Bicameral system.”

Tasks:

Fill out the diagram.

conservatives

Time demands……………………

The accuracy of filling out the diagram is checked on the interactive board.

2. "Era of Reform"

Tasks.

1.Name the politicians who carried out reforms, tell about them based on the completed passports.

2.Tell me about the reforms. Conducted by Parliament in the last third of the 19th and early 20th centuries, complete the table. Draw a conclusion about their influence on the development of society.

Year

Reform

3.“Trade follows the flag.”

Tasks.

Why do you think the lines from Tennyson’s poems “one flag, one fleet, one empire, one crown” were popular in Great Britain?

Look up “jingoism” in the dictionary.

Document on page 164.

Do you agree with Chamberlain's statement "that the future of the laboring classes depends more on the success of our foreign enterprises, which have spread throughout the universe, than ... on measures aimed at encouraging production."

What event happened in 1876. What significance did it have for the subsequent development of England?

Show on a map the territories that were part of the British Empire at the beginning of the 20th century.

Message. The construction of the Suez Canal, which connected the Mediterranean and Red Seas, was completed in 1869. It significantly shortened the route of ships traveling from Europe to India and the Pacific Ocean. For Great Britain, the importance of the canal was enormous because most of the goods traveling through it were made in England. Meanwhile, shares in the company operating the channel were divided approximately equally between France and Egypt. The Khedive (ruler) of Egypt was a very wasteful man and, bogged down in debt, decided in 1875 to sell his share of the shares. The British learned that the Khedive was negotiating with the French about this. Disraeli understood that by taking over all shares of the Suez Canal, the French would thereby significantly complicate British trade. Then he decided to get ahead of the French and buy half the shares for his country for 4 million pounds sterling. But it was necessary to act decisively without wasting time. There was no money in the treasury, and Disraeli turned for help to the largest banker Rothschild, who financed the deal. Thus, Disraeli not only ensured Great Britain control of the canal, but also prepared its subsequent occupation of Egypt. In 1882, Great Britain established a hidden protectorate over Egypt.

4 .Protest movement. Birth of the Labor Party .

Teacher's story.

Exercise.

Fill the table.

Reasons for the protest movement

Forms of protest

Major strikes

Stages of formation of the Labor Party

Leader of the Labor Party

Results of the protest movement

Checking the completion of the table - the game "Yes - no"

One of the reasons for the protest movement was the decline in living standards of unskilled workers. (Yes)

Forms of protest were strikes and walkouts. (Yes)

A major strike was the London dockers' strike in 1912. (No)

The Labor Party emerges in 1903. (No)

The leader of the Labor Party was William Gladstone. (No)

The result of the protest movement was the formation of the workers' party. (Yes)

5. Reforms in the name of “class peace”

Interactive conversation.

What did the traditional English parties need to do to seize the initiative from Labour? (come up with a program of social reforms)

In which country were social reforms first carried out? By whom? Which? What are they aimed at?

Exercise.

Who initiated social reforms. Tell us about the policy based on the completed passport.

Compare social reforms in Great Britain and social reforms in Germany. How do you see their similarities and differences?

Social reforms

Germany

England

6. “Rebel Island” gets home rule.

In the 19th century, Ireland was a colony and fought for the right to self-government. This struggle was waged both locally under the slogan “Irish land for the Irish people!” and in parliament. Twice the law on Home Rule, i.e. the law on self-government was rejected by parliament. It was not until 1914, with the outbreak of the First World War, that the Irish Home Rule Bill became law. The country was united in the face of war.

Summarizing.

Tell me, what new did you learn in class?Homework: Page 163, questions 3,5,6.

Great Britain: end of the Victorian era - page No. 1/1

Great Britain: end of the Victorian era. Paragraph 20

1. 
   “Workshop of the World” is becoming a thing of the past

• 
  By the end of the 19th century, there was a slowdown in industrial development in England. This was due to the increased export of capital. English entrepreneurs and bankers preferred to invest capital in countries where raw materials and labor were cheaper. The export of capital gave a profit five times higher than the income from foreign trade. The competitiveness of British goods also began to decline. After the unification of Germany, the young empire began to squeeze England in the world market.
• 
  German goods appeared on the markets of all countries and were cheaper than English ones
• 
  In the early 20th century, monopoly capitalism developed in England. Powerful corporations and monopolies emerge, but family firms play a significant role.
• 
  The difficult situation in agriculture - farmers who leased land from landlords could not compete with the flow of relatively cheap food into the country from the colonies.
• 
  The unenviable position of an agricultural worker did not attract young people, and they went to the city.

1. 
   Two party system

• 
  In the 60s, the old Tory and Whig parties began to be called the Conservative and Liberal parties.
• 
  The landed aristocracy and leaders of the English church supported the conservatives, some on the side of the liberals
• 
  The opposition created a “shadow cabinet”, ready to replace it if the government resigned. There were no fundamental differences between these parties.

1. 
   Era of Reform

• 
  Conservative leader Benjamin Disraeli
• 
  Liberal leader William Gladstone
• 
  The electoral reform of 1832 in England did not solve all the problems
• 
  On August 15, 1867, at the initiative of the Conservatives, parliament passed an electoral reform law that abolished electoral districts in 46 “rotten towns” and represented seats in parliament for Manchester, London, etc.
• 
  In the 70s, liberals and conservatives carried out reforms through parliament that legalized trade unions, giving them the right to judicial protection and holding strikes; law on secret voting in parliamentary elections; excluding the opportunity for wealthy deputies to influence voters; school reform - schools were created throughout the country, many of them were free; the law on a 54-hour working week and the ban on employing children under 10 years of age and self-government reform.
• 
  Women did not have the right to vote

1. 
   "trade follows the flag"

• 
  As European countries imposed high customs duties on imported goods, politicians, pushed by bankers and industrialists, rushed to expand the colonies.
• 
  In 1875, the government acquired a 45% stake in the Suez Canal from the ruler of Egypt, and bought part of the shares from small owners. Received a controlling stake and could control the route to India.
• 
  In the 80-90s, colonial conquests intensified: they captured Burma, Nigeria, Somalia, Kenya, etc.
• 
  The British Empire was emerging. In 1876, at the initiative of Disraeli, Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India.

1. 
   Protest movement. The birth of the Labor Party.

• 
  In the 80-90s, economic crises led to a decline in the living standards of unskilled workers
• 
  Gradually, trade unions are drawn into the political struggle, raising the issue of moving to an 8-hour working day, introducing pensions from the age of 60, and electing workers’ representatives to parliament.
• 
  In 1900, the “Workers’ Representation Committee”, which was tasked with facilitating the election of workers’ candidates to parliament
• 
  In 1906 it was transformed into a workers' party.
• 
  In 1912, a six-week strike of coal miners
• 
  The strikers forced the government to pass a law on minimum wages for miners.

1. 
   Reforms in the name of “class peace”

• 
  From 1906-1916, liberals were in power, taking the path of moderate reforms with the aim of creating “class peace”
• 
  Entrepreneurs were prohibited from demanding from trade unions losses incurred by corporations during strikes
• 
  At the expense of entrepreneurs, they introduced benefits for industrial accidents and pensions for old people over 70 years old, and established an 8-hour working day for miners.
• 
  Introduced the law of insurance for illness, disability and unemployment

1. 
   "rebel island" gets home rule

Today you will learn:

• Why the “workshop of the world” is becoming a thing of the past;
• What form of government has developed in Great Britain;
• What reforms have been carried out in this state;
• Which state was called the “rebel island” and why?

We are working according to plan:

• The Peace Workshop is becoming a thing of the past.
• Two party system.
• The era of reform.
• "Trade follows the flag."
• "Rebel Island Gets Home Rule"

By the end XIX century in England

has emerged

slowdown in industrial development. This was due to the export of capital.

The World Workshop is becoming a thing of the past

English entrepreneurs and bankers preferred to invest capital in countries. Where raw materials and labor were cheaper.

The World Workshop is becoming a thing of the past

Domestic industry often did not have the means to update outdated equipment; the competitiveness of goods began to decline

The World Workshop is becoming a thing of the past

German goods with the stamp " Made in Germany"appeared on the markets of all countries and were cheaper than English ones. In the 90s, England's role as the “workshop of the world” became a thing of the past.

The World Workshop is becoming a thing of the past

The situation in agriculture remained difficult - farmers could not compete with the flow of cheap food.

Two party system

In the 1960s, the old Tory and Whig parties became known as the Conservative and Liberal parties. In the 1970s, they were divided into separate camps in parliament.

The era of reform.

Benjamin Disraeli became the leader of the Conservative Party, and William Gladstone became the leader of the Liberal Party.

Benjamin

Disraeli

William

Gladstone

The era of reform.

Electoral reform of 1867

Destroyed “rotten places”

Provided vacant seats

major cities

The property qualification was reduced

The number of voters has increased

The era of reform.

We legalized the right of trend unions, which gave them the right

for judicial defense and strikes

parliamentary elections

School reform carried out

Law on 54-hour work week

Councils with power were created

local authorities

The era of reform.

IN 1884-1885 . Liberals carried out a third electoral reform, according to which 100 “rotten towns” were destroyed and granted rights to homeowners and rural workers.

Read the material on pp. 159 – 160 and answer the question: “What does the expression mean "Trade follows the flag"

Protest movement:

In 1900, the Congress of Trend Juniors created the "Workers' Government Committee"

In 1903, the number of members of the “Committee...” was almost 500 thousand people

In 1906, the “Committee..” was renamed Labor Party »

The six-week general strike of coal miners in 1912 was especially powerful. As a result, the government adopted a law on minimum wages for miners.

Reforms in the name of “class peace”

Read the material on pages 161-162 and find out what reforms David Lloyd George adopted.

D. L. George

"Rebel Island" gets Home Rule

movement for Irish autonomy at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. It assumed its own parliament and self-government while maintaining British sovereignty over the island.

In the second half of the 19th century. England establishes control over a significant part of Africa, Burma, and in 1882 introduces a de facto protectorate regime over Egypt. In 1876, at the initiative of Disraeli, the Queen of England was officially proclaimed Queen of India.

IV. Labor

The role of trade unions grew steadily. Over time, they become a significant political force. In 1900, at the united congress of trade unions, the “Workers' Representation Committee” was created, which was supposed to coordinate the activities of workers' associations in electing deputies. In 1906, the Committee grew into the Labor (i.e., workers) party. Its leader was James Ramsay MacDonald.

1906. - formation of the Labor Party.

What did the traditional English political parties need to do to seize the initiative from Labour?

In 1906-1916. The Whigs were in power. The actual head of government was David Lloyd George. At his instigation, laws were passed on freedom to strike, on the introduction of an 8-hour working day, on the establishment of pensions for persons over 70 years of age, on health and disability insurance, on limiting the powers of the House of Lords (now the lords had the right only to a suspensive veto).

V. Irish Home Rule

(O. Cromwell.)

Ireland waged a merciless struggle for the right to self-government. This struggle was waged both locally and in parliament. In 1886, Gladstone attempted to pass the Home Rule Act. However, the Whigs failed in this regard. In 1912, an attempt was made again to pass this law - and again it failed. This time the obstacle was the House of Lords. It was not until 1914 that the Irish Home Rule Bill became law.

Consolidation

Homework: Yudovskaya § 20;

View document contents
"Late Victorian Britain"

Lesson 17. Great Britain at the end of the Victorian era

Lesson objectives: consider modification of the political regime in England; characterize the development trends of Great Britain in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.

New terms: Labourism, Home Rule, Jongoism.

Lesson Plan

Checking homework.

Motivation for activity

The era of reform.

Labour.

Irish Home Rule.

During the classes

LChecking homework

Conversation with students on the following questions:

What was Bismarck's general direction?

What is the difference between Bismarck's policy and the policy of Kaiser Wilhelm II?

How can you characterize German foreign policy at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries?

Motivation Working with the text of the poem.

Read the poem expressively.

The most recent empire

And the most extensive praise!

For your profit and mine,

For our loan banks,

I drink to your merchant fleet!

God save the Queen!

R. Kipling

Tell me, what state is this poem talking about?

What lines helped you determine that it was talking about Great Britain?

3. Study a new topic

Today in the lesson we will continue to get acquainted with a country like Great Britain. The topic of the lesson is: “Great Britain: the end of the Victorian era.” Historians call the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries in the development of Great Britain “the end of the Victorian era.” Why do you think?

III. The era of reform.

In the second half of the 19th century. England was in crisis. She was losing her position as the undisputed world leader. In all markets it was squeezed by serious competitors.

Who do you think competed with Great Britain?

(First of all, Germany and the USA.)

What do you think is the reason for the English economy's lagging behind? (The re-equipment of the English economy took place at the beginning of the 19th century, and English entrepreneurs preferred to protect old equipment rather than buy new ones.)

What political parties competed in British political life?

(Tories (Conservatives) and Whigs (Liberals)).

It was a time of confrontation between two leaders - Benjamin Disraeli (Tory) and William Gladstone (Whig). Both Disraeli and Gladstone were advocates of major social change.

So in 1867, on the initiative of a conservative, a reform of the electoral law was carried out.

When was the last electoral reform carried out in England before 1867? (1832)

What was her goal?

(In the abolition of “rotten towns” and the expansion of suffrage.)

Group work

First group electoral reform of 1867

Using the textbook, find out on your own what the essence of the “Electoral Reform of 1867” is. . (According to the reform of 1867, many “rotten towns” were abolished and the property qualification was reduced. The last “rotten towns” disappeared according to the reform of 1884-1885, which was carried out by liberals led by Gladstone. Also in the second half of the 9th century, secret ballot).

Second group: “Bicameral system”. Make a diagram

However, the English Conservative and Liberal governments did not stop at reforming electoral legislation.

Thanks to their activities, trade unions were legalized, school reform was implemented, which contributed to democratization, a law on a 54-hour work week was passed, child labor was limited, etc.

Third group. “Era of reforms”

Tasks.

1.Name the politicians who carried out reforms.

2.Tell me about the reforms. Conducted by Parliament in the last third of the 19th and early 20th centuries, complete the table. Draw a conclusion about their influence on the development of society.

The specificity of conservative politics was the patronage of “Dzhongoism” - a political movement that aimed to expand and strengthen the English empire.

In the second half of the 19th century. England establishes control over a significant part of Africa, Burma, and in 1882 introduces a de facto protectorate regime over Egypt. In 1876, at the initiative of Disraeli, the Queen of England was officially proclaimed Queen of India.

IV. Labor

The role of trade unions grew steadily. Over time, they become a significant political force. In 1900, at the united congress of trade unions, the “Workers' Representation Committee” was created, which was supposed to coordinate the activities of workers' associations in electing deputies. In 1906, the Committee grew into the Labor (i.e., workers) Party. Its leader was James Ramsay MacDonald.

1906 - formation of the Labor Party.

What did the traditional English political parties need to do to seize the initiative from Labour?

(Adopt a program of broad social reforms.)

In 1906-1916. The Whigs were in power. The actual head of government was David Lloyd George. At his instigation, laws were passed on freedom to strike, on the introduction of an 8-hour working day, on the establishment of pensions for persons over 70 years of age, on health and disability insurance, on limiting the powers of the House of Lords (now the Lords had the right only to suspensive veto).

V. Irish Home Rule

Who finally conquered Ireland?

(O. Cromwell.)

Ireland waged a merciless struggle for the right to self-government. This struggle was waged both locally and in parliament. In 1886, Gladstone attempted to pass the Home Rule Act. However, the Whigs failed in this regard. In 1912, an attempt was made again to pass this law - and again it failed. This time the obstacle was the House of Lords. It was not until 1914 that the Irish Home Rule Bill became law.

Why do you think it was in 1914?

(This was the year the world war began. England wanted to participate in it, being confident in internal stability.)

Consolidation: Students independently compose 4 questions and ask each other in a chain.

Homework: Yudovskaya § 20;