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The presentation on the topic “The Ancient World: The First States” can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Subject of the project: History. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 17 slide(s).

Presentation slides

Slide 1

THE FIRST STATES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD

PRESENTATION ON THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA AND THE WORLD. 10 CL. BASIC LEVEL SMIRNOV EVGENY BORISOVICH. [email protected]

Slide 2

DESPOTS OF THE EAST.

PREREQUISITES FOR THE EMERGENCE OF THE STATE.

SLAVERY AND PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ANCIENT STATES

CULTURE AND BELIEFS IN ANCIENT EGYPT.

Slide 3

BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS.

STATE, DESPOTISM, LAWS, SLAVES, PHARAOH, PYRAMIDS, PRIESTS, HIEROGLYPHS, PAPYRIS,

Slide 4

PERIODIZATION OF THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD.

THE TIME SINCE THE ARISE OF THE FIRST STATES IS CALLED THE AGE OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. IT IS DIVIDED INTO THREE PERIODS:

PERIOD OF THE EARLY ANCIENT WORLD – 4 – 2 THOUSAND. BC. – THE EMERGENCE OF THE FIRST STATE FORMATIONS.

FLOWING PERIOD – END 2 – 1 THOUSAND. BC.

PERIOD OF DECREASE - PERIOD OF LATE ANCIENTITY - FIRST HALF OF 1 THOUSAND. B.C. - THE INCREASING ROLE OF GREECE AND ROME.

Slide 5

PREREQUISITES FOR THE EMERGENCE OF THE STATE

NEOLITHIC PERIOD

ALL MAIN ISSUES WERE SOLVED TOGETHER. DISPUTES WERE RESOLVED ON THE BASIS OF TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS. AUTHORITY OF THE ELDERS. THE RIGHTS OF LEADERS AND SORCERERS WERE LIMITED AND THEIR POWER WAS NOT BASED ON COERCION BUT ON THE FORCE OF AUTHORITY.

PERIOD OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE.

THE BASIS OF THE CREATION OF THE STATE WAS THE TRANSITION TO METALS PROCESSING. THIS INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY AND SURPLUS PRODUCTION TO SUPPORT THE APPARATUS OF POWER. THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE ARE DIFFERENT: CLASS, CONTRACTUAL. ETC.

Slide 6

FIRST STATES: RIVER CIVILIZATIONS. NILE, EPHRATS, IND, JUANGE.

THREE FACTORS: LAND, WARM CLIMATE, WATER – SWAMPS AND DESERT INTERFERED WITH AGRICULTURAL WORK. ALL THIS REQUIRED LARGE-SCALE DEVELOPMENT WORK AND THEREFORE THE ARISE OF THE STATE. 1.B 4 – THOUSAND B.C. THERE ARE TWO STATES IN THE NILE VALLEY, AND IN 3118 B.C. A UNITED STATE WITH THE CAPITAL IN MEMPHIS.

MESSOPOTAMIA – SUMERIAN TRIBES – CITIES OF AKKAD, UMMA, LAGASH, UM, ERIDU. UNITED STATE IN THE 24TH CENTURY B.C. SARGON CREATED THE KING OF THE CITY OF AKKAD. AT THE TURN OF 3 – 2 THOUSAND. BC. STATES ARISE IN INDIA, CHINA, PALESTINE, PHOENICIA.

Slide 7

SLAVERY AND PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ANCIENT STATES.

SLAVERY

IN THE TRIBAL SYSTEM, SLAVERY WAS A PATRIARCHAL CHARACTER AND DID NOT PLAY A SPECIAL ROLE. WITH THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST STATES, THE NUMBER OF CAPTIVE SLAVES INCREASED SHARPLY. THEIR LABOR WAS USED FOR IRRIGATION WORK. CONSTRUCTION OF PYRAMIDS AND TEMPLES. IN EGYPT SLAVES WERE CALLED “THE LIVING DEAD”

THINK - WHY?

DURING THE WARS OF CONQUEST, THE LANDS AND THEIR PEOPLE CHANGED THE PROPERTY OF THE PHARAOH AND THE TEMPLES AND REMAINED FORMALLY FREE (HEMU) OR BECAME SLAVES.

COMMUNAL LAND OWNERSHIP PLAYED A GREAT ROLE, BUT COMMUNITIES BECAME NEIGHBORHOOD: JOINT USE OF LAND, PERFORMANCE OF DUTIES AND PAYMENT OF TAXES. REMAINS OF COMMUNITY SELF-GOVERNMENT WERE PRESERVED.

Slide 8

SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF ANCIENT EGYPT.

PHAROAH PRIESTS, GREAT GREATERS. OFFICIALS, ARMY

PEASANTS, ARTISTS.

TALKING TOOLS - SLAVES

THE PHARAOH HAS THE HIGHEST POWER, THE GOVERNORS MANAGED THE PROVINCES AND WERE HIS RELATIVES. THE TRADITIONS OF MATRIARCHY (MARRIAGE OF THE PHARAOH TO SISTERS.) ARE STRONG. OFFICIALS AND PRIESTS PLAYED A GREAT ROLE.

Slide 9

EGYPT'S CULTURE IS DIVERSE: PYRAMIDS, SCULPTURES. WRITING (HIEROGLYPHS) WAS OF GREAT IMPORTANCE. PAPYRI PRESERVED KNOWLEDGE OF MATHEMATICS, MEDICINE, ASTRANOMY AND NAVIGATION.

ACCORDING TO THE BELIEFS OF THE EGYPTIANS, MAN CONSISTED OF A BODY (CHET), A SHADOW (HAYBET), A NAME (RAN) AND AN INVISIBLE DOUBLE (KA). BELIEF IN AN AFTERLIFE WAS REFLECTED IN THE RELIGION OF THE EGYPTIANS. THE SUN GOD IS RA, THE BELOVED GOD IS OSIRIS. A COMPLEX EMBALMMING PROCEDURE WAS USED TO ENTER THE KA INTO THE MUMMY. THIS IS WHY PRESERVING THE BODY IN THE FORM OF A MUMMY WAS SO IMPORTANT.

Slide 10

MAIN CONCLUSIONS.

THUS, THE EMERGENCE OF STATES WAS DIRECTLY CONNECTED WITH THE NEEDS OF SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT. THE FIRST STATES ARISE IN RIVER VALLEYS (CLIMATE, SOIL, WATER). THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE REQUIRED THE ORGANIZATION OF LARGE WORK TO DEVELOP THE LAND. BUT EACH SPECIFIC CASE HAD ITS REASONS.

THE FEATURES OF THE STATE WERE: TERRITORY. PUBLIC AUTHORITY, LAWS AND TAXES. THE SURPLUS PRODUCTS ALLOWED THE MAINTENANCE OF THE OFFICIALS AND ARMY. SLAVERY BEGAN TO DEVELOP AND SLAVES BECAME THE PROPERTY OF THE OWNERS. ALONG WITH THIS, THERE WERE FREE COMMUNITIES.

THE CULTURE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS WAS REFLECTED IN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE.

Slide 11

EXPANSION OF THE AREA OF CIVILIZATION.

IN 2 – 1 THOUSAND. BC. THE FIRST STATES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD ENTERED A PERIOD OF DECLINE. NEW STATES ARISE. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SOCIAL, SPIRITUAL, CULTURAL LIFE OF PEOPLES IS INCREASING.

RESULTS OF THE WEAKNESS OF ANCIENT DESPOTS.

THE ANCIENT STATE EXISTED FOR MORE THAN 2 THOUSAND. YEARS. FEATURES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: 1. DEVELOPMENT IN A CIRCLE. 2. NO IMPROVEMENT OF WORK TOOLS. 3.KNOWLEDGE IS BELONGING TO A NARROW CIRCLE OF PEOPLE. 4. RARE PERFORMANCES OF SLAVES. 5.OPPRESSION OF THE PEOPLE AND CREATION OF LAW CODES. 6. THE MAIN THREAT TO THE STABILITY OF ANCIENT DESPOTISM WAS PROVINCIAL SEPARATISM, THE STRUGGLE OF THE NOBLE FOR POWER, CONFLICTS BETWEEN SECULAR AND SPIRITUAL RULES.

SINCE THE 18TH CENTURY BC, EGYPT HAS BEEN ATTACKED BY NEIGHBORS: HYKSOS, LIBYANS. THE COUNTRY IS BREAKING UP INTO TWO PARTS.

Slide 12

MILITARY DESPOTS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD.

MILITARY DESPOTS.

WITH THE APPEARANCE OF IRON TOOLS, THERE WAS AN INCREASE IN THE LAND CULTIVATE BY PEASANTS. THESE TERRITORIES WAS NECESSARY TO PROTECT FROM RAIDS BY NOMADS. STATES ARISE WITH THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF PROTECTING THEIR TERRITORIES AND SETTING NEW TERRITORIES. THESE STATES ARE MILITARY DESPOTS.

THE MORE LANDS THE MILITARY DESPOTISM CONTROLLED, THE MORE FUNDS WERE AT THE DISPOSAL OF ITS RULES. MILITARY EXPANSION WAS CONTINUOUS. THESE EMPIRES WERE UNSTRONG DUE TO THEIR HETEROGENEITY.

THE FIRST MILITARY DESPOTS: URARTU, HITTES, ASSYRIA. IN THE 7TH CENTURY B.C. THE RISE OF THE PERSIAN POWER HAS BEGAN. IN 4 B.C. SHE FALLED UNDER THE Blows of ALEXANDER THE GREAT.

Slide 13

ANCIENT INDIA INDIA

IN THE 3rd - 4th B.C.E., MOST OF THE COUNTRY WAS CONTROLLED BY THE MAURYA EMPIRE AND THE POWER OF THE GUPTA DYNASTY, BUT IN THE 6th C.B.C., THERE WERE AGAIN MANY SMALLER STATES. FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF MILITARY DESPOTS: 1. EXTENSION OF THE TERRITORY. 2. DIVISION OF SOCIETY INTO VARNAS (CASTES): BRAHMANAS, KSHATRIYAS, VAISHA AND SHUDRAS. TRANSITION FROM ONE VARNA TO ANOTHER WAS IMPOSSIBLE.

THE ORIGIN OF SUCH A SYSTEM IS CONNECTED WITH THE ARIES WHO DID NOT WANT TO MIX WITH THE LOCAL POPULATION.

THE VARNA SYSTEM DIVIDED THE SOCIETY INTO MANY SMALL SEGMENTS WITHOUT CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER. IN THE NEW CASE OF CONQUEST, NONE OF THE WINNERS COULD DO ANYTHING WITH THIS SYSTEM. THAT'S WHY EMPIRES WERE UNSTRONG.

Slide 14

CHINA IN ANCIENT ERA.

THE STATE IN ANCIENT CHINA HAD ITS ITS PECULIARITIES. EDUCATION STATE UNIONS HAPPEN BETWEEN THE YANGZE AND HUANGHE RIVERS - SEVERAL HUNDRED SMALL STATES. AT THE TURN OF 2 – 1 THOUSAND. BC - THE LARGEST - WESTERN ZHOU, THE HEAD OF WHICH WANG (EMPEROR) WAS CONSIDERED THE SON OF HEAVEN FROM THE 8TH TO THE 3rd CENTURY THE RIVALRY OF SEVEN STATES. AND ONLY IN THE 3rd CENTURY THE QIN EMPIRE UNITED THE COUNTRY. EMPEROR QIN SHI HUANDI IS BELIEVED TO BUILD THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA.

CO 2 B.C. TO THE 3rd CENTURY AD – THE HAN EMPIRE. THE FEATURE OF CHINA WAS: 1. THE UNITY OF THE COUNTRY WAS THREATENED BY SEPARATISM. 2.ATTEMPTS TO LIMIT THE INFLUENCE OF THE NOBILITY.

THE PRACTICE HAS BEEN DISTRIBUTED: 1.EXAMINATIONS FOR THE POSITION OF AN OFFICER. 2. THE LAND IS THE OWNER OF THE EMPEROR. AND DON'T KNOW. 3.LIMITATIONS ON THE SIZE OF LAND FOR THE FEUDALS. BUT ALL THIS DIDN'T SAVE THE STATE FROM POPULAR UPRISINGS.

Slide 15

A NEW STAGE OF SPIRITUAL LIFE.

WITH THE BEGINNING OF THE IRON AGE, HUMAN DEPENDENCE ON NATURE DECREASED.

THERE WAS A FALL OF RELIGIONS BASED ON THE DEIFICATION OF THE FORCES OF NATURE. AT THE SAME TIME, THE MYSTERY OF DEATH LEAD TO THE APPEARANCE OF NEW RELIGIONS: ZORoastrianism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Judaism. COMMON FOR THESE RELIGIONS WAS THE UNDERSTANDING THAT MAN'S WAY ON EARTH IS A TEST AND HE SHOULD RECEIVE A REWARD AFTER DEATH.

THE MAIN IDEA OF ZOROAASTRIANISM IS IN THE STRUGGLE OF TWO FORCES: GOOD AND EVIL. A PERSON MAKES A CHOICE BETWEEN THEM

THE MAIN IDEA OF BUDDHISM IN THE LAW OF KARMA (REWARD) ABSOLUTE RIGHTEOUSNESS LEADS TO NIRVANA.

CONFUCIANITY IS NOT A RELIGION BUT A SYSTEM OF MORAL STANDARDS. CONFUCIUS CLAIMS THAT STATES ARE A FAMILY, AND THE EMPEROR IS THE FATHER.

JUDAISM ESTABLISHED IN PALESTINE IN 10 - 8 BC - FAITH IN ONE GOD, WHO PROMISED SALVATION TO THE CHOSEN PEOPLE OF ISRAEL ON THE DAY OF JUDGMENT.

IN GENERAL, CONSIDERING THE HISTORY OF MILITARY DESPOTS IN PERSIA, INDIA AND CHINA, WE SEE COMMON FEATURES AND FEATURES. THE WEAKNESS OF THESE STATE FORMATIONS LIES IN THEIR FRAGIBILITY. AT THE SAME TIME, IN CHINA, ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO LIMIT THE POWER OF THE SEPARATISM NOBLE.

THE APPEARANCE OF IRON TOOLS WEAKENED RELIGIONS BASED ON THE WORSHIP OF THE ELEMENTAL FORCES OF NATURE. RELIGIONS ARISE WITH THE MAIN GOAL OF PROVIDING A BETTER PERSON AFTER DEATH. THIS IS JUDAISM, ZOROAASTRIANISM, BUDDHISM. CONFUCIANITY IS RATHER A MORAL CODE OF NORMS FOR PERSONS AND THE STATE.

SMIRNOV EVGENY BORISOVICH.

Slide 2

DESPOTS OF THE EAST

• PREREQUISITES FOR THE EMERGENCE OF THE STATE.
• SLAVERY AND PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ANCIENT STATES.
• CULTURE AND BELIEFS IN ANCIENT EGYPT.

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Presentation on the topic: The first states of the ancient world

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PERIODIZATION OF THE HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. THE TIME SINCE THE ARISE OF THE FIRST STATES IS CALLED THE AGE OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. IT IS DIVIDED INTO THREE PERIODS: THE PERIOD OF THE EARLY ANCIENT WORLD – 4 – 2 THOUSAND. BC. – THE EMERGENCE OF THE FIRST STATE FORMATIONS. FLOWING PERIOD – END 2 – 1 THOUSAND. BC. PERIOD OF DECREASE - PERIOD OF LATE ANCIENTITY - FIRST HALF OF 1 THOUSAND. B.C. - THE INCREASING ROLE OF GREECE AND ROME.

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PREREQUISITES FOR THE ARISE OF THE STATE IN THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD ALL MAIN ISSUES WERE SOLVED TOGETHER. DISPUTES WERE RESOLVED ON THE BASIS OF TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS. AUTHORITY OF THE ELDERS. THE RIGHTS OF LEADERS AND SORCERERS WERE LIMITED AND THEIR POWER WAS NOT BASED ON COERCION BUT ON THE FORCE OF AUTHORITY. PERIOD OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE. THE BASIS OF THE CREATION OF THE STATE WAS THE TRANSITION TO METALS PROCESSING. THIS INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY AND SURPLUS PRODUCTION TO SUPPORT THE APPARATUS OF POWER. THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE ARE DIFFERENT: CLASS, CONTRACTUAL. ETC.

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PREREQUISITES FOR THE ARISE OF THE STATE THE FIRST STATES: RIVER CIVILIZATIONS. NILE, EPHRATS, IND, JUANGE. THREE FACTORS: LAND, WARM CLIMATE, WATER – SWAMPS AND DESERT INTERFERED WITH AGRICULTURAL WORK. ALL THIS REQUIRED LARGE-SCALE DEVELOPMENT WORK AND THEREFORE THE ARISE OF THE STATE. 1.B 4 – THOUSAND B.C. THERE ARE TWO STATES IN THE NILE VALLEY, AND IN 3118 B.C. A UNITED STATE WITH THE CAPITAL IN MEMPHIS. MESSOPOTAMIA – SUMERIAN TRIBES – CITIES OF AKKAD, UMMA, LAGASH, UM, ERIDU. UNITED STATE IN THE 24TH CENTURY B.C. SARGON CREATED THE KING OF THE CITY OF AKKAD. AT THE TURN OF 3 – 2 THOUSAND. BC. STATES ARISE IN INDIA, CHINA, PALESTINE, PHOENICIA.

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SLAVERY AND PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ANCIENT STATES. SLAVE OWNERSHIP IN THE TRIBAL SYSTEM, SLAVERY WAS A PATRIARCHAL CHARACTER AND DID NOT PLAY A SPECIAL ROLE. WITH THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST STATES, THE NUMBER OF CAPTIVE SLAVES INCREASED SHARPLY. THEIR LABOR WAS USED FOR IRRIGATION WORK. CONSTRUCTION OF PYRAMIDS AND TEMPLES. IN EGYPT, SLAVES WERE CALLED “THE LIVING DEAD” DURING THE WARS OF CONQUEST, THE LANDS AND THEIR PEOPLE CHANGED THE PROPERTY OF THE PHARAOH AND THE TEMPLES AND REMAINED FORMALLY FREE (HEMU) OR BECAME SLAVES. COMMUNAL LAND OWNERSHIP PLAYED A GREAT ROLE, BUT COMMUNITIES BECAME NEIGHBORHOOD: JOINT USE OF LAND, PERFORMANCE OF DUTIES AND PAYMENT OF TAXES. REMAINS OF COMMUNITY SELF-GOVERNMENT WERE PRESERVED.

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CULTURE AND BELIEFS IN ANCIENT EGYPT. EGYPT'S CULTURE IS DIVERSE: PYRAMIDS, SCULPTURES. WRITING (HIEROGLYPHS) WAS OF GREAT IMPORTANCE. PAPYRI PRESERVED KNOWLEDGE OF MATHEMATICS, MEDICINE, ASTRANOMY AND NAVIGATION. ACCORDING TO THE BELIEFS OF THE EGYPTIANS, MAN CONSISTED OF A BODY (CHET), A SHADOW (HAYBET), A NAME (RAN) AND AN INVISIBLE DOUBLE (KA). BELIEF IN AN AFTERLIFE WAS REFLECTED IN THE RELIGION OF THE EGYPTIANS. THE SUN GOD IS RA, THE BELOVED GOD IS OSIRIS. A COMPLEX EMBALMMING PROCEDURE WAS USED TO ENTER THE KA INTO THE MUMMY. THIS IS WHY PRESERVING THE BODY IN THE FORM OF A MUMMY WAS SO IMPORTANT.

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MAIN CONCLUSIONS. THUS, THE EMERGENCE OF STATES WAS DIRECTLY CONNECTED WITH THE NEEDS OF SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT. THE FIRST STATES ARISE IN RIVER VALLEYS (CLIMATE, SOIL, WATER). THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE REQUIRED THE ORGANIZATION OF LARGE WORK TO DEVELOP THE LAND. BUT EACH SPECIFIC CASE HAD ITS REASONS. THE FEATURES OF THE STATE WERE: TERRITORY. PUBLIC AUTHORITY, LAWS AND TAXES. THE SURPLUS PRODUCTS ALLOWED THE MAINTENANCE OF THE OFFICIALS AND ARMY. SLAVERY BEGAN TO DEVELOP AND SLAVES BECAME THE PROPERTY OF THE OWNERS. ALONG WITH THIS, THERE WERE FREE COMMUNITIES. THE CULTURE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS WAS REFLECTED IN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE.

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EXPANSION OF THE AREA OF CIVILIZATION. IN 2 – 1 THOUSAND. BC. THE FIRST STATES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD ENTERED A PERIOD OF DECLINE. NEW STATES ARISE. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SOCIAL, SPIRITUAL, CULTURAL LIFE OF PEOPLES IS INCREASING. RESULTS OF THE WEAKNESS OF ANCIENT DESPOTS. THE ANCIENT STATE EXISTED FOR MORE THAN 2 THOUSAND. YEARS. FEATURES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: 1. DEVELOPMENT IN A CIRCLE. 2. NO IMPROVEMENT OF WORK TOOLS. 3.KNOWLEDGE IS BELONGING TO A NARROW CIRCLE OF PEOPLE. 4. RARE PERFORMANCES OF SLAVES. 5.OPPRESSION OF THE PEOPLE AND CREATION OF LAW CODES. 6. THE MAIN THREAT TO THE STABILITY OF ANCIENT DESPOTISM WAS PROVINCIAL SEPARATISM, THE STRUGGLE OF THE NOBLE FOR POWER, CONFLICTS BETWEEN SECULAR AND SPIRITUAL RULES. SINCE THE 18TH CENTURY BC, EGYPT HAS BEEN ATTACKED BY NEIGHBORS: HYKSOS, LIBYANS. THE COUNTRY IS BREAKING UP INTO TWO PARTS.

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MILITARY DESPOTS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. MILITARY DESPOTS. WITH THE APPEARANCE OF IRON TOOLS, THERE WAS AN INCREASE IN THE LAND CULTIVATE BY PEASANTS. THESE TERRITORIES WAS NECESSARY TO PROTECT FROM RAIDS BY NOMADS. STATES ARISE WITH THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF PROTECTING THEIR TERRITORIES AND SETTING NEW TERRITORIES. THESE STATES ARE MILITARY DESPOTS. THE FIRST MILITARY DESPOTS: URARTU, HITTES, ASSYRIA. IN THE 7TH CENTURY B.C. THE RISE OF THE PERSIAN POWER HAS BEGAN. IN 4 B.C. SHE FALLED UNDER THE Blows of ALEXANDER THE GREAT. THE MORE LANDS THE MILITARY DESPOTISM CONTROLLED, THE MORE FUNDS WERE AT THE DISPOSAL OF ITS RULES. MILITARY EXPANSION WAS CONTINUOUS. THESE EMPIRES WERE UNSTRONG DUE TO THEIR HETEROGENEITY.

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ANCIENT INDIA INDIA IN THE 3rd – 4th CENTURY B.C., MOST OF THE COUNTRY WAS CONTROLLED BY THE MAURYAN EMPIRE AND THE POWER OF THE GUPTA DYNASTY, BUT IN THE 6th C. B.C., AGAIN MANY SMALL STATES. FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF MILITARY DESPOTS: 1. EXTENSION OF THE TERRITORY. 2. DIVISION OF SOCIETY INTO VARNAS (CASTES): BRAHMANAS, KSHATRIYAS, VAISHA AND SHUDRAS. TRANSITION FROM ONE VARNA TO ANOTHER WAS IMPOSSIBLE. THE ORIGIN OF SUCH A SYSTEM IS CONNECTED WITH THE ARIES WHO DID NOT WANT TO MIX WITH THE LOCAL POPULATION. THE VARNA SYSTEM DIVIDED THE SOCIETY INTO MANY SMALL SEGMENTS WITHOUT CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER. IN THE NEW CASE OF CONQUEST, NONE OF THE WINNERS COULD DO ANYTHING WITH THIS SYSTEM. THAT'S WHY EMPIRES WERE UNSTRONG.

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CHINA IN ANCIENT ERA. THE STATE IN ANCIENT CHINA HAD ITS ITS PECULIARITIES. EDUCATION STATE UNIONS HAPPEN BETWEEN THE YANGZE AND HUANGHE RIVERS - SEVERAL HUNDRED SMALL STATES. AT THE TURN OF 2 – 1 THOUSAND. BC - THE LARGEST - WESTERN ZHOU, THE HEAD OF WHICH WANG (EMPEROR) WAS CONSIDERED THE SON OF HEAVEN FROM THE 8TH TO THE 3rd CENTURY THE RIVALRY OF SEVEN STATES. AND ONLY IN THE 3rd CENTURY THE QIN EMPIRE UNITED THE COUNTRY. EMPEROR QIN SHI HUANDI IS BELIEVED TO BUILD THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA. CO 2 B.C. TO THE 3rd CENTURY AD – THE HAN EMPIRE. THE FEATURE OF CHINA WAS: 1. THE UNITY OF THE COUNTRY WAS THREATENED BY SEPARATISM. 2.ATTEMPTS TO LIMIT THE INFLUENCE OF THE NOBILITY. THE PRACTICE HAS BEEN DISTRIBUTED: 1.EXAMINATIONS FOR THE POSITION OF AN OFFICER. 2. THE LAND IS THE OWNER OF THE EMPEROR. AND DON'T KNOW. 3.LIMITATIONS ON THE SIZE OF LAND FOR THE FEUDALS. BUT ALL THIS DIDN'T SAVE THE STATE FROM POPULAR UPRISINGS.

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A NEW STAGE OF SPIRITUAL LIFE. WITH THE BEGINNING OF THE IRON AGE, HUMAN DEPENDENCE ON NATURE DECREASED. THERE WAS A FALL OF RELIGIONS BASED ON THE DEIFICATION OF THE FORCES OF NATURE. AT THE SAME TIME, THE MYSTERY OF DEATH LEAD TO THE APPEARANCE OF NEW RELIGIONS: ZORoastrianism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Judaism. COMMON FOR THESE RELIGIONS WAS THE UNDERSTANDING THAT MAN'S WAY ON EARTH IS A TEST AND HE SHOULD RECEIVE A REWARD AFTER DEATH. JUDAISM ESTABLISHED IN PALESTINE IN 10 - 8 BC - FAITH IN ONE GOD, WHO PROMISED SALVATION TO THE CHOSEN PEOPLE OF ISRAEL ON THE DAY OF JUDGMENT. CONFUCIANITY IS NOT A RELIGION BUT A SYSTEM OF MORAL STANDARDS. CONFUCIUS CLAIMS THAT STATES ARE A FAMILY, AND THE EMPEROR IS THE FATHER. THE MAIN IDEA OF BUDDHISM IN THE LAW OF KARMA (REWARD) ABSOLUTE RIGHTEOUSNESS LEADS TO NIRVANA. THE MAIN IDEA OF ZOROAASTRIANISM IS IN THE STRUGGLE OF TWO FORCES: GOOD AND EVIL. A PERSON MAKES A CHOICE BETWEEN THEM

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MAIN CONCLUSIONS. THE EARLY DESPOTS HAVE BEEN REPLACED BY NEW STATE FORMATIONS: MILITARY DESPOTS. THE REASONS FOR THEIR APPEARANCE WAS THE APPEARANCE OF IRON TOOLS AND THE POSSIBILITY OF USING NEW ARGRABLE LAND. ALL THIS REQUIRED NEW CAMPAIGNS OF CONQUEST. IN GENERAL, CONSIDERING THE HISTORY OF MILITARY DESPOTS IN PERSIA, INDIA AND CHINA, WE SEE COMMON FEATURES AND FEATURES. THE WEAKNESS OF THESE STATE FORMATIONS LIES IN THEIR FRAGIBILITY. AT THE SAME TIME, IN CHINA, ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO LIMIT THE POWER OF THE SEPARATISM NOBLE. THE APPEARANCE OF IRON TOOLS WEAKENED RELIGIONS BASED ON THE WORSHIP OF THE ELEMENTAL FORCES OF NATURE. RELIGIONS ARISE WITH THE MAIN GOAL OF PROVIDING A BETTER PERSON AFTER DEATH. THIS IS JUDAISM, ZOROAASTRIANISM, BUDDHISM. CONFUCIANITY IS RATHER A MORAL CODE OF NORMS FOR PERSONS AND THE STATE.

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The most ancient states of the world arose on the banks of rivers, lakes, and seas: Egypt on the banks of the Nile; Mesopotamia on the banks of the Euphrates and Tigris; Phenicia on the Mediterranean coast; Persia on the shores of the Persian Gulf; India on the banks of the Indus and Ganges; China on the banks of the Yellow River and Yangtze; Greece is on the Balkan Peninsula and washed on all sides by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea (Aegean, Ionian); Rome on the Apennine Peninsula and on all sides was washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea (Tyrrhenian, Adriatic).

All ancient states were governed differently. Egypt was ruled by pharaohs. Their power was equated to divine. India and China were ruled by kings. Their power is also unlimited. They were also worshiped as gods. Greece had democracy - the rule of the people. Rome had a republic, a type of government in which the state was ruled by elected people. In Rome these were the consuls. Later the Roman state became an empire. Emperors ruled there, replacing each other.

Ancient states had their own laws. In Babylonia, there were laws of King Hammurabi (“If a person stole the property of the temple, he must be executed”). In India, there was a law of dividing all people into castes (groups of people with certain rights and responsibilities). In Greece, the laws of the Dragon were in effect for a long time, until Archon Solon came up with new ones (according to Solon’s laws, debt slavery was abolished in Greece). In Rome, the brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchi introduced a land limit law, according to which all poor people received land without the right to sell.

Many pharaohs, kings, emperors were great generals and conquerors. Pharaoh Thutmose III - around 1500 BC. Persian king Darius I – V – VI centuries BC. Chinese ruler Qin Shihuang – 3rd century BC. Alexander the Great – 3rd century BC. Gaius Julius Caesar - Roman dictator - 1st century BC.

Among the great commanders there were also those who were neither emperor nor king. Greek strategist Miltiades, under whose leadership the Greeks defeated the Persians at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. Carthaginian commander Hannibal, who lost the only battle of his life in 202 BC. near the city of Zama. The leader of the Germanic tribe of the Goths, who managed to “conquer the city to which the whole earth was subject!”

Name the names of ancient poets and writers. What works of theirs do you remember? What were they dedicated to? Homer wrote the poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey". The Iliad describes the last year of the Trajan War, and the Odyssey describes the wanderings of Odysseus during his return home after the end of the Trojan War. Sophocles wrote the tragedy Antigone, Aristophanes wrote the comedy The Birds.

Who was already called the “father of history” in ancient times? What country did he live in?

Myths and religious beliefs. Primitive people, going hunting, tried to bewitch the beast - they drew it in the sand and threw spears at it. Unable to explain natural phenomena, people thought that they were controlled by supernatural beings. This is how religious beliefs appeared. Religion is people's belief in supernatural forces: gods, spirits, souls.

Who are Confucius and Buddha? Confucius lived in China and taught people to believe in virtue, respect elders, read ancient books because they contained wisdom; Buddha lived in India - he is the founder of Buddhism - the religion of the Indians. He urged people to achieve harmony with nature and with themselves.

In which country did belief in one God first appear? The Jewish tribes were the first to believe in one God. They believed in God Yahweh, who later came to be considered the father of Jesus Christ. The inhabitants of Ancient Rome believed that Jesus would come and save all those suffering. This is how a religion called Christianity arose.

Myths of ancient peoples. Mesopotamia The Tale of Gilgamesh Palestine Biblical tales: “Joseph and his brothers”, “The Tower of Babel”, “The Story of King David”, “The Judgment of Solomon” and others India “Ramayana” (the tale of Rama), the legend of Buddha Greece The myth of Theseus and The Minotaur, the myth of Daedalus and Icarus, the myths of Hercules, the myth of Prometheus, the myth of the birth of the goddess Athena and others. Rome The legend of the founding of Rome.

Around 3000 BC Around 2600 BC BC. Around 1200 BC 776 BC The first Olympic Games The reign of King Hammurabi in Babylonia The formation of a unified state in Egypt Construction of the Pyramid of Cheops The beginning of the Trojan War Find a match

443 BC BC. 3rd century BC 221 BC 133 BC Land law of Tiberius Gracchus in Rome The unification of India into a single state The election of Pericles as the first strategist The campaign of the Macedonian army to the East The unification of China into a single state Find a match

74-71 BC. 49 BC 1st century AD 395 AD 476 AD The fall of the Western Roman Empire The emergence of Christianity The slave revolt in Rome led by Spartacus Caesar's seizure of power in Rome The division of the Roman Empire into two states Find a match